Maintenance of Ruby 2.0.0 ended on February 24, 2016. Read more

In Files

  • complex.c
  • pack.c
  • rational.c
  • string.c
  • transcode.c

String

A String object holds and manipulates an arbitrary sequence of bytes, typically representing characters. String objects may be created using String::new or as literals.

Because of aliasing issues, users of strings should be aware of the methods that modify the contents of a String object. Typically, methods with names ending in “!'' modify their receiver, while those without a “!'' return a new String. However, there are exceptions, such as String#[]=.

Public Class Methods

new(str="") → new_str click to toggle source

Returns a new string object containing a copy of str.

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_init(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
{
    VALUE orig;

    if (argc > 0 && rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &orig) == 1)
        rb_str_replace(str, orig);
    return str;
}
try_convert(obj) → string or nil click to toggle source

Try to convert obj into a String, using #to_str method. Returns converted string or nil if obj cannot be converted for any reason.

String.try_convert("str")     #=> "str"
String.try_convert(/re/)      #=> nil

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_s_try_convert(VALUE dummy, VALUE str)
{
    return rb_check_string_type(str);
}

Public Instance Methods

str % arg → new_str click to toggle source

Format—Uses str as a format specification, and returns the result of applying it to arg. If the format specification contains more than one substitution, then arg must be an Array or Hash containing the values to be substituted. See Kernel::sprintf for details of the format string.

"%05d" % 123                              #=> "00123"
"%-5s: %08x" % [ "ID", self.object_id ]   #=> "ID   : 200e14d6"
"foo = %{foo}" % { :foo => 'bar' }        #=> "foo = bar"

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_format_m(VALUE str, VALUE arg)
{
    volatile VALUE tmp = rb_check_array_type(arg);

    if (!NIL_P(tmp)) {
        return rb_str_format(RARRAY_LENINT(tmp), RARRAY_PTR(tmp), str);
    }
    return rb_str_format(1, &arg, str);
}
str * integer → new_str click to toggle source

Copy — Returns a new String containing integer copies of the receiver. integer must be greater than or equal to 0.

"Ho! " * 3   #=> "Ho! Ho! Ho! "
"Ho! " * 0   #=> ""

 
               VALUE
rb_str_times(VALUE str, VALUE times)
{
    VALUE str2;
    long n, len;
    char *ptr2;

    len = NUM2LONG(times);
    if (len < 0) {
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "negative argument");
    }
    if (len && LONG_MAX/len <  RSTRING_LEN(str)) {
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "argument too big");
    }

    str2 = rb_str_new5(str, 0, len *= RSTRING_LEN(str));
    ptr2 = RSTRING_PTR(str2);
    if (len) {
        n = RSTRING_LEN(str);
        memcpy(ptr2, RSTRING_PTR(str), n);
        while (n <= len/2) {
            memcpy(ptr2 + n, ptr2, n);
            n *= 2;
        }
        memcpy(ptr2 + n, ptr2, len-n);
    }
    ptr2[RSTRING_LEN(str2)] = '\0';
    OBJ_INFECT(str2, str);
    rb_enc_cr_str_copy_for_substr(str2, str);

    return str2;
}
str + other_str → new_str click to toggle source

Concatenation—Returns a new String containing other_str concatenated to str.

"Hello from " + self.to_s   #=> "Hello from main"

 
               VALUE
rb_str_plus(VALUE str1, VALUE str2)
{
    VALUE str3;
    rb_encoding *enc;

    StringValue(str2);
    enc = rb_enc_check(str1, str2);
    str3 = rb_str_new(0, RSTRING_LEN(str1)+RSTRING_LEN(str2));
    memcpy(RSTRING_PTR(str3), RSTRING_PTR(str1), RSTRING_LEN(str1));
    memcpy(RSTRING_PTR(str3) + RSTRING_LEN(str1),
           RSTRING_PTR(str2), RSTRING_LEN(str2));
    RSTRING_PTR(str3)[RSTRING_LEN(str3)] = '\0';

    if (OBJ_TAINTED(str1) || OBJ_TAINTED(str2))
        OBJ_TAINT(str3);
    ENCODING_CODERANGE_SET(str3, rb_enc_to_index(enc),
                           ENC_CODERANGE_AND(ENC_CODERANGE(str1), ENC_CODERANGE(str2)));
    return str3;
}
str << integer → str click to toggle source
str << obj → str

Append—Concatenates the given object to str. If the object is a Integer, it is considered as a codepoint, and is converted to a character before concatenation.

a = "hello "
a << "world"   #=> "hello world"
a.concat(33)   #=> "hello world!"

 
               VALUE
rb_str_concat(VALUE str1, VALUE str2)
{
    unsigned int code;
    rb_encoding *enc = STR_ENC_GET(str1);

    if (FIXNUM_P(str2) || RB_TYPE_P(str2, T_BIGNUM)) {
        if (rb_num_to_uint(str2, &code) == 0) {
        }
        else if (FIXNUM_P(str2)) {
            rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "%ld out of char range", FIX2LONG(str2));
        }
        else {
            rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "bignum out of char range");
        }
    }
    else {
        return rb_str_append(str1, str2);
    }

    if (enc == rb_usascii_encoding()) {
        /* US-ASCII automatically extended to ASCII-8BIT */
        char buf[1];
        buf[0] = (char)code;
        if (code > 0xFF) {
            rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "%u out of char range", code);
        }
        rb_str_cat(str1, buf, 1);
        if (code > 127) {
            rb_enc_associate(str1, rb_ascii8bit_encoding());
            ENC_CODERANGE_SET(str1, ENC_CODERANGE_VALID);
        }
    }
    else {
        long pos = RSTRING_LEN(str1);
        int cr = ENC_CODERANGE(str1);
        int len;
        char *buf;

        switch (len = rb_enc_codelen(code, enc)) {
          case ONIGERR_INVALID_CODE_POINT_VALUE:
            rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "invalid codepoint 0x%X in %s", code, rb_enc_name(enc));
            break;
          case ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE:
          case 0:
            rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "%u out of char range", code);
            break;
        }
        buf = ALLOCA_N(char, len + 1);
        rb_enc_mbcput(code, buf, enc);
        if (rb_enc_precise_mbclen(buf, buf + len + 1, enc) != len) {
            rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "invalid codepoint 0x%X in %s", code, rb_enc_name(enc));
        }
        rb_str_resize(str1, pos+len);
        memcpy(RSTRING_PTR(str1) + pos, buf, len);
        if (cr == ENC_CODERANGE_7BIT && code > 127)
            cr = ENC_CODERANGE_VALID;
        ENC_CODERANGE_SET(str1, cr);
    }
    return str1;
}
string <=> other_string → -1, 0, +1 or nil click to toggle source

Comparison—Returns -1, 0, +1 or nil depending on whether string is less than, equal to, or greater than other_string.

nil is returned if the two values are incomparable.

If the strings are of different lengths, and the strings are equal when compared up to the shortest length, then the longer string is considered greater than the shorter one.

<=> is the basis for the methods <, <=, >, >=, and between?, included from module Comparable. The method String#== does not use Comparable#==.

"abcdef" <=> "abcde"     #=> 1
"abcdef" <=> "abcdef"    #=> 0
"abcdef" <=> "abcdefg"   #=> -1
"abcdef" <=> "ABCDEF"    #=> 1

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_cmp_m(VALUE str1, VALUE str2)
{
    int result;

    if (!RB_TYPE_P(str2, T_STRING)) {
        VALUE tmp = rb_check_funcall(str2, rb_intern("to_str"), 0, 0);
        if (RB_TYPE_P(tmp, T_STRING)) {
            result = rb_str_cmp(str1, tmp);
        }
        else {
            return rb_invcmp(str1, str2);
        }
    }
    else {
        result = rb_str_cmp(str1, str2);
    }
    return INT2FIX(result);
}
str == obj → true or false click to toggle source

Equality—If obj is not a String, returns false. Otherwise, returns true if str <=> obj returns zero.

 
               VALUE
rb_str_equal(VALUE str1, VALUE str2)
{
    if (str1 == str2) return Qtrue;
    if (!RB_TYPE_P(str2, T_STRING)) {
        if (!rb_respond_to(str2, rb_intern("to_str"))) {
            return Qfalse;
        }
        return rb_equal(str2, str1);
    }
    return str_eql(str1, str2);
}
str == obj → true or false click to toggle source

Equality—If obj is not a String, returns false. Otherwise, returns true if str <=> obj returns zero.

 
               VALUE
rb_str_equal(VALUE str1, VALUE str2)
{
    if (str1 == str2) return Qtrue;
    if (!RB_TYPE_P(str2, T_STRING)) {
        if (!rb_respond_to(str2, rb_intern("to_str"))) {
            return Qfalse;
        }
        return rb_equal(str2, str1);
    }
    return str_eql(str1, str2);
}
str =~ obj → fixnum or nil click to toggle source

Match—If obj is a Regexp, use it as a pattern to match against str,and returns the position the match starts, or nil if there is no match. Otherwise, invokes obj.=~, passing str as an argument. The default =~ in Object returns nil.

Note: str =~ regexp is not the same as regexp =~ str. Strings captured from named capture groups are assigned to local variables only in the second case.

"cat o' 9 tails" =~ /\d/   #=> 7
"cat o' 9 tails" =~ 9      #=> nil

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_match(VALUE x, VALUE y)
{
    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(y)) goto generic;
    switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(y)) {
      case T_STRING:
        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "type mismatch: String given");

      case T_REGEXP:
        return rb_reg_match(y, x);

      generic:
      default:
        return rb_funcall(y, rb_intern("=~"), 1, x);
    }
}
str[index] → new_str or nil click to toggle source
str[start, length] → new_str or nil
str[range] → new_str or nil
str[regexp] → new_str or nil
str[regexp, capture] → new_str or nil
str[match_str] → new_str or nil

Element Reference — If passed a single index, returns a substring of one character at that index. If passed a start index and a length, returns a substring containing length characters starting at the index. If passed a range, its beginning and end are interpreted as offsets delimiting the substring to be returned.

In these three cases, if an index is negative, it is counted from the end of the string. For the start and range cases the starting index is just before a character and an index matching the string's size. Additionally, an empty string is returned when the starting index for a character range is at the end of the string.

Returns nil if the initial index falls outside the string or the length is negative.

If a Regexp is supplied, the matching portion of the string is returned. If a capture follows the regular expression, which may be a capture group index or name, follows the regular expression that component of the MatchData is returned instead.

If a match_str is given, that string is returned if it occurs in the string.

Returns nil if the regular expression does not match or the match string cannot be found.

a = "hello there"

a[1]                   #=> "e"
a[2, 3]                #=> "llo"
a[2..3]                #=> "ll"

a[-3, 2]               #=> "er"
a[7..-2]               #=> "her"
a[-4..-2]              #=> "her"
a[-2..-4]              #=> ""

a[11, 0]               #=> ""
a[11]                  #=> nil
a[12, 0]               #=> nil
a[12..-1]              #=> nil

a[/[aeiou](.)\1/]      #=> "ell"
a[/[aeiou](.)\1/, 0]   #=> "ell"
a[/[aeiou](.)\1/, 1]   #=> "l"
a[/[aeiou](.)\1/, 2]   #=> nil

a[/(?<vowel>[aeiou])(?<non_vowel>[^aeiou])/, "non_vowel"] #=> "l"
a[/(?<vowel>[aeiou])(?<non_vowel>[^aeiou])/, "vowel"]     #=> "e"

a["lo"]                #=> "lo"
a["bye"]               #=> nil

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_aref_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
{
    if (argc == 2) {
        if (RB_TYPE_P(argv[0], T_REGEXP)) {
            return rb_str_subpat(str, argv[0], argv[1]);
        }
        return rb_str_substr(str, NUM2LONG(argv[0]), NUM2LONG(argv[1]));
    }
    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 2);
    return rb_str_aref(str, argv[0]);
}
str[fixnum] = new_str click to toggle source
str[fixnum, fixnum] = new_str
str[range] = aString
str[regexp] = new_str
str[regexp, fixnum] = new_str
str[regexp, name] = new_str
str[other_str] = new_str

Element Assignment—Replaces some or all of the content of str. The portion of the string affected is determined using the same criteria as String#[]. If the replacement string is not the same length as the text it is replacing, the string will be adjusted accordingly. If the regular expression or string is used as the index doesn't match a position in the string, IndexError is raised. If the regular expression form is used, the optional second Fixnum allows you to specify which portion of the match to replace (effectively using the MatchData indexing rules. The forms that take a Fixnum will raise an IndexError if the value is out of range; the Range form will raise a RangeError, and the Regexp and String will raise an IndexError on negative match.

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_aset_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
{
    if (argc == 3) {
        if (RB_TYPE_P(argv[0], T_REGEXP)) {
            rb_str_subpat_set(str, argv[0], argv[1], argv[2]);
        }
        else {
            rb_str_splice(str, NUM2LONG(argv[0]), NUM2LONG(argv[1]), argv[2]);
        }
        return argv[2];
    }
    rb_check_arity(argc, 2, 3);
    return rb_str_aset(str, argv[0], argv[1]);
}
ascii_only? → true or false click to toggle source

Returns true for a string which has only ASCII characters.

"abc".force_encoding("UTF-8").ascii_only?          #=> true
"abc\u{6666}".force_encoding("UTF-8").ascii_only?  #=> false

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_is_ascii_only_p(VALUE str)
{
    int cr = rb_enc_str_coderange(str);

    return cr == ENC_CODERANGE_7BIT ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
}
b → str click to toggle source

Returns a copied string whose encoding is ASCII-8BIT.

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_b(VALUE str)
{
    VALUE str2 = str_alloc(rb_cString);
    str_replace_shared_without_enc(str2, str);
    OBJ_INFECT(str2, str);
    ENC_CODERANGE_SET(str2, ENC_CODERANGE_VALID);
    return str2;
}
bytes → an_array click to toggle source

Returns an array of bytes in str. This is a shorthand for str.each_byte.to_a.

If a block is given, which is a deprecated form, works the same as each_byte.

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_bytes(VALUE str)
{
    return rb_str_enumerate_bytes(str, 1);
}
bytesize → integer click to toggle source

Returns the length of str in bytes.

"\x80\u3042".bytesize  #=> 4
"hello".bytesize       #=> 5

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_bytesize(VALUE str)
{
    return LONG2NUM(RSTRING_LEN(str));
}
byteslice(fixnum) → new_str or nil click to toggle source
byteslice(fixnum, fixnum) → new_str or nil
byteslice(range) → new_str or nil

Byte Reference—If passed a single Fixnum, returns a substring of one byte at that position. If passed two Fixnum objects, returns a substring starting at the offset given by the first, and a length given by the second. If given a Range, a substring containing bytes at offsets given by the range is returned. In all three cases, if an offset is negative, it is counted from the end of str. Returns nil if the initial offset falls outside the string, the length is negative, or the beginning of the range is greater than the end. The encoding of the resulted string keeps original encoding.

"hello".byteslice(1)     #=> "e"
"hello".byteslice(-1)    #=> "o"
"hello".byteslice(1, 2)  #=> "el"
"\x80\u3042".byteslice(1, 3) #=> "\u3042"
"\x03\u3042\xff".byteslice(1..3) #=> "\u3042"

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_byteslice(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
{
    if (argc == 2) {
        return str_byte_substr(str, NUM2LONG(argv[0]), NUM2LONG(argv[1]));
    }
    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 2);
    return str_byte_aref(str, argv[0]);
}
capitalize → new_str click to toggle source

Returns a copy of str with the first character converted to uppercase and the remainder to lowercase. Note: case conversion is effective only in ASCII region.

"hello".capitalize    #=> "Hello"
"HELLO".capitalize    #=> "Hello"
"123ABC".capitalize   #=> "123abc"

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_capitalize(VALUE str)
{
    str = rb_str_dup(str);
    rb_str_capitalize_bang(str);
    return str;
}
capitalize! → str or nil click to toggle source

Modifies str by converting the first character to uppercase and the remainder to lowercase. Returns nil if no changes are made. Note: case conversion is effective only in ASCII region.

a = "hello"
a.capitalize!   #=> "Hello"
a               #=> "Hello"
a.capitalize!   #=> nil

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_capitalize_bang(VALUE str)
{
    rb_encoding *enc;
    char *s, *send;
    int modify = 0;
    unsigned int c;
    int n;

    str_modify_keep_cr(str);
    enc = STR_ENC_GET(str);
    rb_str_check_dummy_enc(enc);
    if (RSTRING_LEN(str) == 0 || !RSTRING_PTR(str)) return Qnil;
    s = RSTRING_PTR(str); send = RSTRING_END(str);

    c = rb_enc_codepoint_len(s, send, &n, enc);
    if (rb_enc_islower(c, enc)) {
        rb_enc_mbcput(rb_enc_toupper(c, enc), s, enc);
        modify = 1;
    }
    s += n;
    while (s < send) {
        c = rb_enc_codepoint_len(s, send, &n, enc);
        if (rb_enc_isupper(c, enc)) {
            rb_enc_mbcput(rb_enc_tolower(c, enc), s, enc);
            modify = 1;
        }
        s += n;
    }

    if (modify) return str;
    return Qnil;
}
casecmp(other_str) → -1, 0, +1 or nil click to toggle source

Case-insensitive version of String#<=>.

"abcdef".casecmp("abcde")     #=> 1
"aBcDeF".casecmp("abcdef")    #=> 0
"abcdef".casecmp("abcdefg")   #=> -1
"abcdef".casecmp("ABCDEF")    #=> 0

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_casecmp(VALUE str1, VALUE str2)
{
    long len;
    rb_encoding *enc;
    char *p1, *p1end, *p2, *p2end;

    StringValue(str2);
    enc = rb_enc_compatible(str1, str2);
    if (!enc) {
        return Qnil;
    }

    p1 = RSTRING_PTR(str1); p1end = RSTRING_END(str1);
    p2 = RSTRING_PTR(str2); p2end = RSTRING_END(str2);
    if (single_byte_optimizable(str1) && single_byte_optimizable(str2)) {
        while (p1 < p1end && p2 < p2end) {
            if (*p1 != *p2) {
                unsigned int c1 = TOUPPER(*p1 & 0xff);
                unsigned int c2 = TOUPPER(*p2 & 0xff);
                if (c1 != c2)
                    return INT2FIX(c1 < c2 ? -1 : 1);
            }
            p1++;
            p2++;
        }
    }
    else {
        while (p1 < p1end && p2 < p2end) {
            int l1, c1 = rb_enc_ascget(p1, p1end, &l1, enc);
            int l2, c2 = rb_enc_ascget(p2, p2end, &l2, enc);

            if (0 <= c1 && 0 <= c2) {
                c1 = TOUPPER(c1);
                c2 = TOUPPER(c2);
                if (c1 != c2)
                    return INT2FIX(c1 < c2 ? -1 : 1);
            }
            else {
                int r;
                l1 = rb_enc_mbclen(p1, p1end, enc);
                l2 = rb_enc_mbclen(p2, p2end, enc);
                len = l1 < l2 ? l1 : l2;
                r = memcmp(p1, p2, len);
                if (r != 0)
                    return INT2FIX(r < 0 ? -1 : 1);
                if (l1 != l2)
                    return INT2FIX(l1 < l2 ? -1 : 1);
            }
            p1 += l1;
            p2 += l2;
        }
    }
    if (RSTRING_LEN(str1) == RSTRING_LEN(str2)) return INT2FIX(0);
    if (RSTRING_LEN(str1) > RSTRING_LEN(str2)) return INT2FIX(1);
    return INT2FIX(-1);
}
center(width, padstr=' ') → new_str click to toggle source

Centers str in width. If width is greater than the length of str, returns a new String of length width with str centered and padded with padstr; otherwise, returns str.

"hello".center(4)         #=> "hello"
"hello".center(20)        #=> "       hello        "
"hello".center(20, '123') #=> "1231231hello12312312"

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_center(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
{
    return rb_str_justify(argc, argv, str, 'c');
}
chars → an_array click to toggle source

Returns an array of characters in str. This is a shorthand for str.each_char.to_a.

If a block is given, which is a deprecated form, works the same as each_char.

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_chars(VALUE str)
{
    return rb_str_enumerate_chars(str, 1);
}
chomp(separator=$/) → new_str click to toggle source

Returns a new String with the given record separator removed from the end of str (if present). If $/ has not been changed from the default Ruby record separator, then chomp also removes carriage return characters (that is it will remove \n, \r, and \r\n). If $/ is an empty string, it will remove all trailing newlines from the string.

"hello".chomp                #=> "hello"
"hello\n".chomp              #=> "hello"
"hello\r\n".chomp            #=> "hello"
"hello\n\r".chomp            #=> "hello\n"
"hello\r".chomp              #=> "hello"
"hello \n there".chomp       #=> "hello \n there"
"hello".chomp("llo")         #=> "he"
"hello\r\n\r\n".chomp('')    #=> "hello"
"hello\r\n\r\r\n".chomp('')  #=> "hello\r\n\r"

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_chomp(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
{
    str = rb_str_dup(str);
    rb_str_chomp_bang(argc, argv, str);
    return str;
}
chomp!(separator=$/) → str or nil click to toggle source

Modifies str in place as described for String#chomp, returning str, or nil if no modifications were made.

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_chomp_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
{
    rb_encoding *enc;
    VALUE rs;
    int newline;
    char *p, *pp, *e;
    long len, rslen;

    str_modify_keep_cr(str);
    len = RSTRING_LEN(str);
    if (len == 0) return Qnil;
    p = RSTRING_PTR(str);
    e = p + len;
    if (argc == 0) {
        rs = rb_rs;
        if (rs == rb_default_rs) {
          smart_chomp:
            enc = rb_enc_get(str);
            if (rb_enc_mbminlen(enc) > 1) {
                pp = rb_enc_left_char_head(p, e-rb_enc_mbminlen(enc), e, enc);
                if (rb_enc_is_newline(pp, e, enc)) {
                    e = pp;
                }
                pp = e - rb_enc_mbminlen(enc);
                if (pp >= p) {
                    pp = rb_enc_left_char_head(p, pp, e, enc);
                    if (rb_enc_ascget(pp, e, 0, enc) == '\r') {
                        e = pp;
                    }
                }
                if (e == RSTRING_END(str)) {
                    return Qnil;
                }
                len = e - RSTRING_PTR(str);
                STR_SET_LEN(str, len);
            }
            else {
                if (RSTRING_PTR(str)[len-1] == '\n') {
                    STR_DEC_LEN(str);
                    if (RSTRING_LEN(str) > 0 &&
                        RSTRING_PTR(str)[RSTRING_LEN(str)-1] == '\r') {
                        STR_DEC_LEN(str);
                    }
                }
                else if (RSTRING_PTR(str)[len-1] == '\r') {
                    STR_DEC_LEN(str);
                }
                else {
                    return Qnil;
                }
            }
            RSTRING_PTR(str)[RSTRING_LEN(str)] = '\0';
            return str;
        }
    }
    else {
        rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &rs);
    }
    if (NIL_P(rs)) return Qnil;
    StringValue(rs);
    rslen = RSTRING_LEN(rs);
    if (rslen == 0) {
        while (len>0 && p[len-1] == '\n') {
            len--;
            if (len>0 && p[len-1] == '\r')
                len--;
        }
        if (len < RSTRING_LEN(str)) {
            STR_SET_LEN(str, len);
            RSTRING_PTR(str)[len] = '\0';
            return str;
        }
        return Qnil;
    }
    if (rslen > len) return Qnil;
    newline = RSTRING_PTR(rs)[rslen-1];
    if (rslen == 1 && newline == '\n')
        goto smart_chomp;

    enc = rb_enc_check(str, rs);
    if (is_broken_string(rs)) {
        return Qnil;
    }
    pp = e - rslen;
    if (p[len-1] == newline &&
        (rslen <= 1 ||
         memcmp(RSTRING_PTR(rs), pp, rslen) == 0)) {
        if (rb_enc_left_char_head(p, pp, e, enc) != pp)
            return Qnil;
        if (ENC_CODERANGE(str) != ENC_CODERANGE_7BIT) {
            ENC_CODERANGE_CLEAR(str);
        }
        STR_SET_LEN(str, RSTRING_LEN(str) - rslen);
        RSTRING_PTR(str)[RSTRING_LEN(str)] = '\0';
        return str;
    }
    return Qnil;
}
chop → new_str click to toggle source

Returns a new String with the last character removed. If the string ends with \r\n, both characters are removed. Applying chop to an empty string returns an empty string. String#chomp is often a safer alternative, as it leaves the string unchanged if it doesn't end in a record separator.

"string\r\n".chop   #=> "string"
"string\n\r".chop   #=> "string\n"
"string\n".chop     #=> "string"
"string".chop       #=> "strin"
"x".chop.chop       #=> ""

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_chop(VALUE str)
{
    return rb_str_subseq(str, 0, chopped_length(str));
}
chop! → str or nil click to toggle source

Processes str as for String#chop, returning str, or nil if str is the empty string. See also String#chomp!.

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_chop_bang(VALUE str)
{
    str_modify_keep_cr(str);
    if (RSTRING_LEN(str) > 0) {
        long len;
        len = chopped_length(str);
        STR_SET_LEN(str, len);
        RSTRING_PTR(str)[len] = '\0';
        if (ENC_CODERANGE(str) != ENC_CODERANGE_7BIT) {
            ENC_CODERANGE_CLEAR(str);
        }
        return str;
    }
    return Qnil;
}
chr → string click to toggle source

Returns a one-character string at the beginning of the string.

a = "abcde"
a.chr    #=> "a"

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_chr(VALUE str)
{
    return rb_str_substr(str, 0, 1);
}
clear → string click to toggle source

Makes string empty.

a = "abcde"
a.clear    #=> ""

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_clear(VALUE str)
{
    str_discard(str);
    STR_SET_EMBED(str);
    STR_SET_EMBED_LEN(str, 0);
    RSTRING_PTR(str)[0] = 0;
    if (rb_enc_asciicompat(STR_ENC_GET(str)))
        ENC_CODERANGE_SET(str, ENC_CODERANGE_7BIT);
    else
        ENC_CODERANGE_SET(str, ENC_CODERANGE_VALID);
    return str;
}
codepoints → an_array click to toggle source

Returns an array of the Integer ordinals of the characters in str. This is a shorthand for str.each_codepoint.to_a.

If a block is given, which is a deprecated form, works the same as each_codepoint.

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_codepoints(VALUE str)
{
    return rb_str_enumerate_codepoints(str, 1);
}
concat(integer) → str click to toggle source
concat(obj) → str

Append—Concatenates the given object to str. If the object is a Integer, it is considered as a codepoint, and is converted to a character before concatenation.

a = "hello "
a << "world"   #=> "hello world"
a.concat(33)   #=> "hello world!"

 
               VALUE
rb_str_concat(VALUE str1, VALUE str2)
{
    unsigned int code;
    rb_encoding *enc = STR_ENC_GET(str1);

    if (FIXNUM_P(str2) || RB_TYPE_P(str2, T_BIGNUM)) {
        if (rb_num_to_uint(str2, &code) == 0) {
        }
        else if (FIXNUM_P(str2)) {
            rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "%ld out of char range", FIX2LONG(str2));
        }
        else {
            rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "bignum out of char range");
        }
    }
    else {
        return rb_str_append(str1, str2);
    }

    if (enc == rb_usascii_encoding()) {
        /* US-ASCII automatically extended to ASCII-8BIT */
        char buf[1];
        buf[0] = (char)code;
        if (code > 0xFF) {
            rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "%u out of char range", code);
        }
        rb_str_cat(str1, buf, 1);
        if (code > 127) {
            rb_enc_associate(str1, rb_ascii8bit_encoding());
            ENC_CODERANGE_SET(str1, ENC_CODERANGE_VALID);
        }
    }
    else {
        long pos = RSTRING_LEN(str1);
        int cr = ENC_CODERANGE(str1);
        int len;
        char *buf;

        switch (len = rb_enc_codelen(code, enc)) {
          case ONIGERR_INVALID_CODE_POINT_VALUE:
            rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "invalid codepoint 0x%X in %s", code, rb_enc_name(enc));
            break;
          case ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE:
          case 0:
            rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "%u out of char range", code);
            break;
        }
        buf = ALLOCA_N(char, len + 1);
        rb_enc_mbcput(code, buf, enc);
        if (rb_enc_precise_mbclen(buf, buf + len + 1, enc) != len) {
            rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "invalid codepoint 0x%X in %s", code, rb_enc_name(enc));
        }
        rb_str_resize(str1, pos+len);
        memcpy(RSTRING_PTR(str1) + pos, buf, len);
        if (cr == ENC_CODERANGE_7BIT && code > 127)
            cr = ENC_CODERANGE_VALID;
        ENC_CODERANGE_SET(str1, cr);
    }
    return str1;
}
count([other_str]+) → fixnum click to toggle source

Each other_str parameter defines a set of characters to count. The intersection of these sets defines the characters to count in str. Any other_str that starts with a caret ^ is negated. The sequence c1-c2 means all characters between c1 and c2. The backslash character </code> can be used to escape <code>^ or - and is otherwise ignored unless it appears at the end of a sequence or the end of a other_str.

a = "hello world"
a.count "lo"                   #=> 5
a.count "lo", "o"              #=> 2
a.count "hello", "^l"          #=> 4
a.count "ej-m"                 #=> 4

"hello^world".count "\\^aeiou" #=> 4
"hello-world".count "a\\-eo"   #=> 4

c = "hello world\\r\\n"
c.count "\\"                   #=> 2
c.count "\\A"                  #=> 0
c.count "X-\\w"                #=> 3

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_count(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
{
    char table[TR_TABLE_SIZE];
    rb_encoding *enc = 0;
    VALUE del = 0, nodel = 0, tstr;
    char *s, *send;
    int i;
    int ascompat;

    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS);

    tstr = argv[0];
    StringValue(tstr);
    enc = rb_enc_check(str, tstr);
    if (argc == 1) {
        const char *ptstr;
        if (RSTRING_LEN(tstr) == 1 && rb_enc_asciicompat(enc) &&
            (ptstr = RSTRING_PTR(tstr),
             ONIGENC_IS_ALLOWED_REVERSE_MATCH(enc, (const unsigned char *)ptstr, (const unsigned char *)ptstr+1)) &&
            !is_broken_string(str)) {
            int n = 0;
            int clen;
            unsigned char c = rb_enc_codepoint_len(ptstr, ptstr+1, &clen, enc);

            s = RSTRING_PTR(str);
            if (!s || RSTRING_LEN(str) == 0) return INT2FIX(0);
            send = RSTRING_END(str);
            while (s < send) {
                if (*(unsigned char*)s++ == c) n++;
            }
            return INT2NUM(n);
        }
    }

    tr_setup_table(tstr, table, TRUE, &del, &nodel, enc);
    for (i=1; i<argc; i++) {
        tstr = argv[i];
        StringValue(tstr);
        enc = rb_enc_check(str, tstr);
        tr_setup_table(tstr, table, FALSE, &del, &nodel, enc);
    }

    s = RSTRING_PTR(str);
    if (!s || RSTRING_LEN(str) == 0) return INT2FIX(0);
    send = RSTRING_END(str);
    ascompat = rb_enc_asciicompat(enc);
    i = 0;
    while (s < send) {
        unsigned int c;

        if (ascompat && (c = *(unsigned char*)s) < 0x80) {
            if (table[c]) {
                i++;
            }
            s++;
        }
        else {
            int clen;
            c = rb_enc_codepoint_len(s, send, &clen, enc);
            if (tr_find(c, table, del, nodel)) {
                i++;
            }
            s += clen;
        }
    }

    return INT2NUM(i);
}
crypt(salt_str) → new_str click to toggle source

Applies a one-way cryptographic hash to str by invoking the standard library function crypt(3) with the given salt string. While the format and the result are system and implementation dependent, using a salt matching the regular expression \A[a-zA-Z0-9./]{2} should be valid and safe on any platform, in which only the first two characters are significant.

This method is for use in system specific scripts, so if you want a cross-platform hash function consider using Digest or OpenSSL instead.

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_crypt(VALUE str, VALUE salt)
{
    extern char *crypt(const char *, const char *);
    VALUE result;
    const char *s, *saltp;
    char *res;
#ifdef BROKEN_CRYPT
    char salt_8bit_clean[3];
#endif

    StringValue(salt);
    if (RSTRING_LEN(salt) < 2)
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "salt too short (need >=2 bytes)");

    s = RSTRING_PTR(str);
    if (!s) s = "";
    saltp = RSTRING_PTR(salt);
#ifdef BROKEN_CRYPT
    if (!ISASCII((unsigned char)saltp[0]) || !ISASCII((unsigned char)saltp[1])) {
        salt_8bit_clean[0] = saltp[0] & 0x7f;
        salt_8bit_clean[1] = saltp[1] & 0x7f;
        salt_8bit_clean[2] = '\0';
        saltp = salt_8bit_clean;
    }
#endif
    res = crypt(s, saltp);
    if (!res) {
        rb_sys_fail("crypt");
    }
    result = rb_str_new2(res);
    OBJ_INFECT(result, str);
    OBJ_INFECT(result, salt);
    return result;
}
delete([other_str]+) → new_str click to toggle source

Returns a copy of str with all characters in the intersection of its arguments deleted. Uses the same rules for building the set of characters as String#count.

"hello".delete "l","lo"        #=> "heo"
"hello".delete "lo"            #=> "he"
"hello".delete "aeiou", "^e"   #=> "hell"
"hello".delete "ej-m"          #=> "ho"

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_delete(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
{
    str = rb_str_dup(str);
    rb_str_delete_bang(argc, argv, str);
    return str;
}
delete!([other_str]+) → str or nil click to toggle source

Performs a delete operation in place, returning str, or nil if str was not modified.

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_delete_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
{
    char squeez[TR_TABLE_SIZE];
    rb_encoding *enc = 0;
    char *s, *send, *t;
    VALUE del = 0, nodel = 0;
    int modify = 0;
    int i, ascompat, cr;

    if (RSTRING_LEN(str) == 0 || !RSTRING_PTR(str)) return Qnil;
    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS);
    for (i=0; i<argc; i++) {
        VALUE s = argv[i];

        StringValue(s);
        enc = rb_enc_check(str, s);
        tr_setup_table(s, squeez, i==0, &del, &nodel, enc);
    }

    str_modify_keep_cr(str);
    ascompat = rb_enc_asciicompat(enc);
    s = t = RSTRING_PTR(str);
    send = RSTRING_END(str);
    cr = ascompat ? ENC_CODERANGE_7BIT : ENC_CODERANGE_VALID;
    while (s < send) {
        unsigned int c;
        int clen;

        if (ascompat && (c = *(unsigned char*)s) < 0x80) {
            if (squeez[c]) {
                modify = 1;
            }
            else {
                if (t != s) *t = c;
                t++;
            }
            s++;
        }
        else {
            c = rb_enc_codepoint_len(s, send, &clen, enc);

            if (tr_find(c, squeez, del, nodel)) {
                modify = 1;
            }
            else {
                if (t != s) rb_enc_mbcput(c, t, enc);
                t += clen;
                if (cr == ENC_CODERANGE_7BIT) cr = ENC_CODERANGE_VALID;
            }
            s += clen;
        }
    }
    *t = '\0';
    STR_SET_LEN(str, t - RSTRING_PTR(str));
    ENC_CODERANGE_SET(str, cr);

    if (modify) return str;
    return Qnil;
}
downcase → new_str click to toggle source

Returns a copy of str with all uppercase letters replaced with their lowercase counterparts. The operation is locale insensitive—only characters “A'' to “Z'' are affected. Note: case replacement is effective only in ASCII region.

"hEllO".downcase   #=> "hello"

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_downcase(VALUE str)
{
    str = rb_str_dup(str);
    rb_str_downcase_bang(str);
    return str;
}
downcase! → str or nil click to toggle source

Downcases the contents of str, returning nil if no changes were made. Note: case replacement is effective only in ASCII region.

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_downcase_bang(VALUE str)
{
    rb_encoding *enc;
    char *s, *send;
    int modify = 0;

    str_modify_keep_cr(str);
    enc = STR_ENC_GET(str);
    rb_str_check_dummy_enc(enc);
    s = RSTRING_PTR(str); send = RSTRING_END(str);
    if (single_byte_optimizable(str)) {
        while (s < send) {
            unsigned int c = *(unsigned char*)s;

            if (rb_enc_isascii(c, enc) && 'A' <= c && c <= 'Z') {
                *s = 'a' + (c - 'A');
                modify = 1;
            }
            s++;
        }
    }
    else {
        int ascompat = rb_enc_asciicompat(enc);

        while (s < send) {
            unsigned int c;
            int n;

            if (ascompat && (c = *(unsigned char*)s) < 0x80) {
                if (rb_enc_isascii(c, enc) && 'A' <= c && c <= 'Z') {
                    *s = 'a' + (c - 'A');
                    modify = 1;
                }
                s++;
            }
            else {
                c = rb_enc_codepoint_len(s, send, &n, enc);
                if (rb_enc_isupper(c, enc)) {
                    /* assuming toupper returns codepoint with same size */
                    rb_enc_mbcput(rb_enc_tolower(c, enc), s, enc);
                    modify = 1;
                }
                s += n;
            }
        }
    }

    if (modify) return str;
    return Qnil;
}
dump → new_str click to toggle source

Produces a version of str with all non-printing characters replaced by \nnn notation and all special characters escaped.

"hello \n ''".dump  #=> "\"hello \\n ''\"

 
               VALUE
rb_str_dump(VALUE str)
{
    rb_encoding *enc = rb_enc_get(str);
    long len;
    const char *p, *pend;
    char *q, *qend;
    VALUE result;
    int u8 = (enc == rb_utf8_encoding());

    len = 2;                    /* "" */
    p = RSTRING_PTR(str); pend = p + RSTRING_LEN(str);
    while (p < pend) {
        unsigned char c = *p++;
        switch (c) {
          case '"':  case '\\':
          case '\n': case '\r':
          case '\t': case '\f':
          case '\013': case '\010': case '\007': case '\033':
            len += 2;
            break;

          case '#':
            len += IS_EVSTR(p, pend) ? 2 : 1;
            break;

          default:
            if (ISPRINT(c)) {
                len++;
            }
            else {
                if (u8) {     /* \u{NN} */
                    int n = rb_enc_precise_mbclen(p-1, pend, enc);
                    if (MBCLEN_CHARFOUND_P(n-1)) {
                        unsigned int cc = rb_enc_mbc_to_codepoint(p-1, pend, enc);
                        while (cc >>= 4) len++;
                        len += 5;
                        p += MBCLEN_CHARFOUND_LEN(n)-1;
                        break;
                    }
                }
                len += 4;     /* \xNN */
            }
            break;
        }
    }
    if (!rb_enc_asciicompat(enc)) {
        len += 19;             /* ".force_encoding('')" */
        len += strlen(enc->name);
    }

    result = rb_str_new5(str, 0, len);
    p = RSTRING_PTR(str); pend = p + RSTRING_LEN(str);
    q = RSTRING_PTR(result); qend = q + len + 1;

    *q++ = '"';
    while (p < pend) {
        unsigned char c = *p++;

        if (c == '"' || c == '\\') {
            *q++ = '\\';
            *q++ = c;
        }
        else if (c == '#') {
            if (IS_EVSTR(p, pend)) *q++ = '\\';
            *q++ = '#';
        }
        else if (c == '\n') {
            *q++ = '\\';
            *q++ = 'n';
        }
        else if (c == '\r') {
            *q++ = '\\';
            *q++ = 'r';
        }
        else if (c == '\t') {
            *q++ = '\\';
            *q++ = 't';
        }
        else if (c == '\f') {
            *q++ = '\\';
            *q++ = 'f';
        }
        else if (c == '\013') {
            *q++ = '\\';
            *q++ = 'v';
        }
        else if (c == '\010') {
            *q++ = '\\';
            *q++ = 'b';
        }
        else if (c == '\007') {
            *q++ = '\\';
            *q++ = 'a';
        }
        else if (c == '\033') {
            *q++ = '\\';
            *q++ = 'e';
        }
        else if (ISPRINT(c)) {
            *q++ = c;
        }
        else {
            *q++ = '\\';
            if (u8) {
                int n = rb_enc_precise_mbclen(p-1, pend, enc) - 1;
                if (MBCLEN_CHARFOUND_P(n)) {
                    int cc = rb_enc_mbc_to_codepoint(p-1, pend, enc);
                    p += n;
                    snprintf(q, qend-q, "u{%x}", cc);
                    q += strlen(q);
                    continue;
                }
            }
            snprintf(q, qend-q, "x%02X", c);
            q += 3;
        }
    }
    *q++ = '"';
    *q = '\0';
    if (!rb_enc_asciicompat(enc)) {
        snprintf(q, qend-q, ".force_encoding(\"%s\")", enc->name);
        enc = rb_ascii8bit_encoding();
    }
    OBJ_INFECT(result, str);
    /* result from dump is ASCII */
    rb_enc_associate(result, enc);
    ENC_CODERANGE_SET(result, ENC_CODERANGE_7BIT);
    return result;
}
each_byte {|fixnum| block } → str click to toggle source
each_byte → an_enumerator

Passes each byte in str to the given block, or returns an enumerator if no block is given.

"hello".each_byte {|c| print c, ' ' }

produces:

104 101 108 108 111
 
               static VALUE
rb_str_each_byte(VALUE str)
{
    return rb_str_enumerate_bytes(str, 0);
}
each_char {|cstr| block } → str click to toggle source
each_char → an_enumerator

Passes each character in str to the given block, or returns an enumerator if no block is given.

"hello".each_char {|c| print c, ' ' }

produces:

h e l l o

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_each_char(VALUE str)
{
    return rb_str_enumerate_chars(str, 0);
}
each_codepoint {|integer| block } → str click to toggle source
each_codepoint → an_enumerator

Passes the Integer ordinal of each character in str, also known as a codepoint when applied to Unicode strings to the given block.

If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.

"hello\u0639".each_codepoint {|c| print c, ' ' }

produces:

104 101 108 108 111 1593
 
               static VALUE
rb_str_each_codepoint(VALUE str)
{
    return rb_str_enumerate_codepoints(str, 0);
}
each_line(separator=$/) {|substr| block } → str click to toggle source
each_line(separator=$/) → an_enumerator

Splits str using the supplied parameter as the record separator ($/ by default), passing each substring in turn to the supplied block. If a zero-length record separator is supplied, the string is split into paragraphs delimited by multiple successive newlines.

If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.

print "Example one\n"
"hello\nworld".each_line {|s| p s}
print "Example two\n"
"hello\nworld".each_line('l') {|s| p s}
print "Example three\n"
"hello\n\n\nworld".each_line('') {|s| p s}

produces:

Example one
"hello\n"
"world"
Example two
"hel"
"l"
"o\nworl"
"d"
Example three
"hello\n\n\n"
"world"

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_each_line(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
{
    return rb_str_enumerate_lines(argc, argv, str, 0);
}
empty? → true or false click to toggle source

Returns true if str has a length of zero.

"hello".empty?   #=> false
" ".empty?       #=> false
"".empty?        #=> true

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_empty(VALUE str)
{
    if (RSTRING_LEN(str) == 0)
        return Qtrue;
    return Qfalse;
}
encode(encoding [, options] ) → str click to toggle source
encode(dst_encoding, src_encoding [, options] ) → str
encode([options]) → str

The first form returns a copy of str transcoded to encoding encoding. The second form returns a copy of str transcoded from src_encoding to dst_encoding. The last form returns a copy of str transcoded to Encoding.default_internal.

By default, the first and second form raise Encoding::UndefinedConversionError for characters that are undefined in the destination encoding, and Encoding::InvalidByteSequenceError for invalid byte sequences in the source encoding. The last form by default does not raise exceptions but uses replacement strings.

Please note that conversion from an encoding enc to the same encoding enc is a no-op, i.e. the receiver is returned without any changes, and no exceptions are raised, even if there are invalid bytes.

The options Hash gives details for conversion and can have the following keys:

:invalid

If the value is :replace, encode replaces invalid byte sequences in str with the replacement character. The default is to raise the Encoding::InvalidByteSequenceError exception

:undef

If the value is :replace, encode replaces characters which are undefined in the destination encoding with the replacement character. The default is to raise the Encoding::UndefinedConversionError.

:replace

Sets the replacement string to the given value. The default replacement string is “uFFFD” for Unicode encoding forms, and “?” otherwise.

:fallback

Sets the replacement string by the given object for undefined character. The object should be a Hash, a Proc, a Method, or an object which has [] method. Its key is an undefined character encoded in the source encoding of current transcoder. Its value can be any encoding until it can be converted into the destination encoding of the transcoder.

:xml

The value must be :text or :attr. If the value is :text encode replaces undefined characters with their (upper-case hexadecimal) numeric character references. '&', '<', and '>' are converted to “&amp;”, “&lt;”, and “&gt;”, respectively. If the value is :attr, encode also quotes the replacement result (using '“'), and replaces '”' with “&quot;”.

:cr_newline

Replaces LF (“n”) with CR (“r”) if value is true.

:crlf_newline

Replaces LF (“n”) with CRLF (“rn”) if value is true.

:universal_newline

Replaces CRLF (“rn”) and CR (“r”) with LF (“n”) if value is true.

 
               static VALUE
str_encode(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
{
    VALUE newstr = str;
    int encidx = str_transcode(argc, argv, &newstr);
    return encoded_dup(newstr, str, encidx);
}
encode!(encoding [, options] ) → str click to toggle source
encode!(dst_encoding, src_encoding [, options] ) → str

The first form transcodes the contents of str from str.encoding to encoding. The second form transcodes the contents of str from src_encoding to dst_encoding. The options Hash gives details for conversion. See #encode for details. Returns the string even if no changes were made.

 
               static VALUE
str_encode_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
{
    VALUE newstr;
    int encidx;

    rb_check_frozen(str);

    newstr = str;
    encidx = str_transcode(argc, argv, &newstr);

    if (encidx < 0) return str;
    if (newstr == str) {
        rb_enc_associate_index(str, encidx);
        return str;
    }
    rb_str_shared_replace(str, newstr);
    return str_encode_associate(str, encidx);
}
encoding → encoding click to toggle source

Returns the Encoding object that represents the encoding of obj.

 
               VALUE
rb_obj_encoding(VALUE obj)
{
    int idx = rb_enc_get_index(obj);
    if (idx < 0) {
	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "unknown encoding");
    }
    return rb_enc_from_encoding_index(idx);
}
end_with?([suffixes]+) → true or false click to toggle source

Returns true if str ends with one of the suffixes given.

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_end_with(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
{
    int i;
    char *p, *s, *e;
    rb_encoding *enc;

    for (i=0; i<argc; i++) {
        VALUE tmp = argv[i];
        StringValue(tmp);
        enc = rb_enc_check(str, tmp);
        if (RSTRING_LEN(str) < RSTRING_LEN(tmp)) continue;
        p = RSTRING_PTR(str);
        e = p + RSTRING_LEN(str);
        s = e - RSTRING_LEN(tmp);
        if (rb_enc_left_char_head(p, s, e, enc) != s)
            continue;
        if (memcmp(s, RSTRING_PTR(tmp), RSTRING_LEN(tmp)) == 0)
            return Qtrue;
    }
    return Qfalse;
}
eql?(other) → true or false click to toggle source

Two strings are equal if they have the same length and content.

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_eql(VALUE str1, VALUE str2)
{
    if (str1 == str2) return Qtrue;
    if (!RB_TYPE_P(str2, T_STRING)) return Qfalse;
    return str_eql(str1, str2);
}
force_encoding(encoding) → str click to toggle source

Changes the encoding to encoding and returns self.

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_force_encoding(VALUE str, VALUE enc)
{
    str_modifiable(str);
    rb_enc_associate(str, rb_to_encoding(enc));
    ENC_CODERANGE_CLEAR(str);
    return str;
}
getbyte(index) → 0 .. 255 click to toggle source

returns the indexth byte as an integer.

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_getbyte(VALUE str, VALUE index)
{
    long pos = NUM2LONG(index);

    if (pos < 0)
        pos += RSTRING_LEN(str);
    if (pos < 0 ||  RSTRING_LEN(str) <= pos)
        return Qnil;

    return INT2FIX((unsigned char)RSTRING_PTR(str)[pos]);
}
gsub(pattern, replacement) → new_str click to toggle source
gsub(pattern, hash) → new_str
gsub(pattern) {|match| block } → new_str
gsub(pattern) → enumerator

Returns a copy of str with the all occurrences of pattern substituted for the second argument. The pattern is typically a Regexp; if given as a String, any regular expression metacharacters it contains will be interpreted literally, e.g. '\\d' will match a backlash followed by 'd', instead of a digit.

If replacement is a String it will be substituted for the matched text. It may contain back-references to the pattern's capture groups of the form \\d, where d is a group number, or \\k<n>, where n is a group name. If it is a double-quoted string, both back-references must be preceded by an additional backslash. However, within replacement the special match variables, such as $&, will not refer to the current match.

If the second argument is a Hash, and the matched text is one of its keys, the corresponding value is the replacement string.

In the block form, the current match string is passed in as a parameter, and variables such as $1, $2, $`, $&, and $' will be set appropriately. The value returned by the block will be substituted for the match on each call.

The result inherits any tainting in the original string or any supplied replacement string.

When neither a block nor a second argument is supplied, an Enumerator is returned.

"hello".gsub(/[aeiou]/, '*')                  #=> "h*ll*"
"hello".gsub(/([aeiou])/, '<\1>')             #=> "h<e>ll<o>"
"hello".gsub(/./) {|s| s.ord.to_s + ' '}      #=> "104 101 108 108 111 "
"hello".gsub(/(?<foo>[aeiou])/, '{\k<foo>}')  #=> "h{e}ll{o}"
'hello'.gsub(/[eo]/, 'e' => 3, 'o' => '*')    #=> "h3ll*"

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_gsub(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
{
    return str_gsub(argc, argv, str, 0);
}
gsub!(pattern, replacement) → str or nil click to toggle source
gsub!(pattern) {|match| block } → str or nil
gsub!(pattern) → an_enumerator

Performs the substitutions of String#gsub in place, returning str, or nil if no substitutions were performed. If no block and no replacement is given, an enumerator is returned instead.

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_gsub_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
{
    str_modify_keep_cr(str);
    return str_gsub(argc, argv, str, 1);
}
hash → fixnum click to toggle source

Return a hash based on the string's length and content.

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_hash_m(VALUE str)
{
    st_index_t hval = rb_str_hash(str);
    return INT2FIX(hval);
}
hex → integer click to toggle source

Treats leading characters from str as a string of hexadecimal digits (with an optional sign and an optional 0x) and returns the corresponding number. Zero is returned on error.

"0x0a".hex     #=> 10
"-1234".hex    #=> -4660
"0".hex        #=> 0
"wombat".hex   #=> 0

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_hex(VALUE str)
{
    return rb_str_to_inum(str, 16, FALSE);
}
include? other_str → true or false click to toggle source

Returns true if str contains the given string or character.

"hello".include? "lo"   #=> true
"hello".include? "ol"   #=> false
"hello".include? ?h     #=> true

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_include(VALUE str, VALUE arg)
{
    long i;

    StringValue(arg);
    i = rb_str_index(str, arg, 0);

    if (i == -1) return Qfalse;
    return Qtrue;
}
index(substring [, offset]) → fixnum or nil click to toggle source
index(regexp [, offset]) → fixnum or nil

Returns the index of the first occurrence of the given substring or pattern (regexp) in str. Returns nil if not found. If the second parameter is present, it specifies the position in the string to begin the search.

"hello".index('e')             #=> 1
"hello".index('lo')            #=> 3
"hello".index('a')             #=> nil
"hello".index(?e)              #=> 1
"hello".index(/[aeiou]/, -3)   #=> 4

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_index_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
{
    VALUE sub;
    VALUE initpos;
    long pos;

    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &sub, &initpos) == 2) {
        pos = NUM2LONG(initpos);
    }
    else {
        pos = 0;
    }
    if (pos < 0) {
        pos += str_strlen(str, STR_ENC_GET(str));
        if (pos < 0) {
            if (RB_TYPE_P(sub, T_REGEXP)) {
                rb_backref_set(Qnil);
            }
            return Qnil;
        }
    }

    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(sub)) goto generic;
    switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(sub)) {
      case T_REGEXP:
        if (pos > str_strlen(str, STR_ENC_GET(str)))
            return Qnil;
        pos = str_offset(RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_END(str), pos,
                         rb_enc_check(str, sub), single_byte_optimizable(str));

        pos = rb_reg_search(sub, str, pos, 0);
        pos = rb_str_sublen(str, pos);
        break;

      generic:
      default: {
        VALUE tmp;

        tmp = rb_check_string_type(sub);
        if (NIL_P(tmp)) {
            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "type mismatch: %s given",
                     rb_obj_classname(sub));
        }
        sub = tmp;
      }
        /* fall through */
      case T_STRING:
        pos = rb_str_index(str, sub, pos);
        pos = rb_str_sublen(str, pos);
        break;
    }

    if (pos == -1) return Qnil;
    return LONG2NUM(pos);
}
replace(other_str) → str click to toggle source

Replaces the contents and taintedness of str with the corresponding values in other_str.

s = "hello"         #=> "hello"
s.replace "world"   #=> "world"

 
               VALUE
rb_str_replace(VALUE str, VALUE str2)
{
    str_modifiable(str);
    if (str == str2) return str;

    StringValue(str2);
    str_discard(str);
    return str_replace(str, str2);
}
insert(index, other_str) → str click to toggle source

Inserts other_str before the character at the given index, modifying str. Negative indices count from the end of the string, and insert after the given character. The intent is insert aString so that it starts at the given index.

"abcd".insert(0, 'X')    #=> "Xabcd"
"abcd".insert(3, 'X')    #=> "abcXd"
"abcd".insert(4, 'X')    #=> "abcdX"
"abcd".insert(-3, 'X')   #=> "abXcd"
"abcd".insert(-1, 'X')   #=> "abcdX"

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_insert(VALUE str, VALUE idx, VALUE str2)
{
    long pos = NUM2LONG(idx);

    if (pos == -1) {
        return rb_str_append(str, str2);
    }
    else if (pos < 0) {
        pos++;
    }
    rb_str_splice(str, pos, 0, str2);
    return str;
}
inspect → string click to toggle source

Returns a printable version of str, surrounded by quote marks, with special characters escaped.

str = "hello"
str[3] = "\b"
str.inspect       #=> "\"hel\\bo\""

 
               VALUE
rb_str_inspect(VALUE str)
{
    rb_encoding *enc = STR_ENC_GET(str);
    const char *p, *pend, *prev;
    char buf[CHAR_ESC_LEN + 1];
    VALUE result = rb_str_buf_new(0);
    rb_encoding *resenc = rb_default_internal_encoding();
    int unicode_p = rb_enc_unicode_p(enc);
    int asciicompat = rb_enc_asciicompat(enc);
    static rb_encoding *utf16, *utf32;

    if (!utf16) utf16 = rb_enc_find("UTF-16");
    if (!utf32) utf32 = rb_enc_find("UTF-32");
    if (resenc == NULL) resenc = rb_default_external_encoding();
    if (!rb_enc_asciicompat(resenc)) resenc = rb_usascii_encoding();
    rb_enc_associate(result, resenc);
    str_buf_cat2(result, "\"");

    p = RSTRING_PTR(str); pend = RSTRING_END(str);
    prev = p;
    if (enc == utf16) {
        const unsigned char *q = (const unsigned char *)p;
        if (q[0] == 0xFE && q[1] == 0xFF)
            enc = rb_enc_find("UTF-16BE");
        else if (q[0] == 0xFF && q[1] == 0xFE)
            enc = rb_enc_find("UTF-16LE");
        else
            unicode_p = 0;
    }
    else if (enc == utf32) {
        const unsigned char *q = (const unsigned char *)p;
        if (q[0] == 0 && q[1] == 0 && q[2] == 0xFE && q[3] == 0xFF)
            enc = rb_enc_find("UTF-32BE");
        else if (q[3] == 0 && q[2] == 0 && q[1] == 0xFE && q[0] == 0xFF)
            enc = rb_enc_find("UTF-32LE");
        else
            unicode_p = 0;
    }
    while (p < pend) {
        unsigned int c, cc;
        int n;

        n = rb_enc_precise_mbclen(p, pend, enc);
        if (!MBCLEN_CHARFOUND_P(n)) {
            if (p > prev) str_buf_cat(result, prev, p - prev);
            n = rb_enc_mbminlen(enc);
            if (pend < p + n)
                n = (int)(pend - p);
            while (n--) {
                snprintf(buf, CHAR_ESC_LEN, "\\x%02X", *p & 0377);
                str_buf_cat(result, buf, strlen(buf));
                prev = ++p;
            }
            continue;
        }
        n = MBCLEN_CHARFOUND_LEN(n);
        c = rb_enc_mbc_to_codepoint(p, pend, enc);
        p += n;
        if ((asciicompat || unicode_p) &&
          (c == '"'|| c == '\\' ||
            (c == '#' &&
             p < pend &&
             MBCLEN_CHARFOUND_P(rb_enc_precise_mbclen(p,pend,enc)) &&
             (cc = rb_enc_codepoint(p,pend,enc),
              (cc == '$' || cc == '@' || cc == '{'))))) {
            if (p - n > prev) str_buf_cat(result, prev, p - n - prev);
            str_buf_cat2(result, "\\");
            if (asciicompat || enc == resenc) {
                prev = p - n;
                continue;
            }
        }
        switch (c) {
          case '\n': cc = 'n'; break;
          case '\r': cc = 'r'; break;
          case '\t': cc = 't'; break;
          case '\f': cc = 'f'; break;
          case '\013': cc = 'v'; break;
          case '\010': cc = 'b'; break;
          case '\007': cc = 'a'; break;
          case 033: cc = 'e'; break;
          default: cc = 0; break;
        }
        if (cc) {
            if (p - n > prev) str_buf_cat(result, prev, p - n - prev);
            buf[0] = '\\';
            buf[1] = (char)cc;
            str_buf_cat(result, buf, 2);
            prev = p;
            continue;
        }
        if ((enc == resenc && rb_enc_isprint(c, enc)) ||
            (asciicompat && rb_enc_isascii(c, enc) && ISPRINT(c))) {
            continue;
        }
        else {
            if (p - n > prev) str_buf_cat(result, prev, p - n - prev);
            rb_str_buf_cat_escaped_char(result, c, unicode_p);
            prev = p;
            continue;
        }
    }
    if (p > prev) str_buf_cat(result, prev, p - prev);
    str_buf_cat2(result, "\"");

    OBJ_INFECT(result, str);
    return result;
}
intern → symbol click to toggle source

Returns the Symbol corresponding to str, creating the symbol if it did not previously exist. See Symbol#id2name.

"Koala".intern         #=> :Koala
s = 'cat'.to_sym       #=> :cat
s == :cat              #=> true
s = '@cat'.to_sym      #=> :@cat
s == :@cat             #=> true

This can also be used to create symbols that cannot be represented using the :xxx notation.

'cat and dog'.to_sym   #=> :"cat and dog"

 
               VALUE
rb_str_intern(VALUE s)
{
    VALUE str = RB_GC_GUARD(s);
    ID id;

    id = rb_intern_str(str);
    return ID2SYM(id);
}
length → integer click to toggle source

Returns the character length of str.

 
               VALUE
rb_str_length(VALUE str)
{
    long len;

    len = str_strlen(str, STR_ENC_GET(str));
    return LONG2NUM(len);
}
lines(separator=$/) → an_array click to toggle source

Returns an array of lines in str split using the supplied record separator ($/ by default). This is a shorthand for str.each_line(separator).to_a.

If a block is given, which is a deprecated form, works the same as each_line.

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_lines(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
{
    return rb_str_enumerate_lines(argc, argv, str, 1);
}
ljust(integer, padstr=' ') → new_str click to toggle source

If integer is greater than the length of str, returns a new String of length integer with str left justified and padded with padstr; otherwise, returns str.

"hello".ljust(4)            #=> "hello"
"hello".ljust(20)           #=> "hello               "
"hello".ljust(20, '1234')   #=> "hello123412341234123"

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_ljust(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
{
    return rb_str_justify(argc, argv, str, 'l');
}
lstrip → new_str click to toggle source

Returns a copy of str with leading whitespace removed. See also String#rstrip and String#strip.

"  hello  ".lstrip   #=> "hello  "
"hello".lstrip       #=> "hello"

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_lstrip(VALUE str)
{
    str = rb_str_dup(str);
    rb_str_lstrip_bang(str);
    return str;
}
lstrip! → self or nil click to toggle source

Removes leading whitespace from str, returning nil if no change was made. See also String#rstrip! and String#strip!.

"  hello  ".lstrip   #=> "hello  "
"hello".lstrip!      #=> nil

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_lstrip_bang(VALUE str)
{
    rb_encoding *enc;
    char *s, *t, *e;

    str_modify_keep_cr(str);
    enc = STR_ENC_GET(str);
    s = RSTRING_PTR(str);
    if (!s || RSTRING_LEN(str) == 0) return Qnil;
    e = t = RSTRING_END(str);
    /* remove spaces at head */
    while (s < e) {
        int n;
        unsigned int cc = rb_enc_codepoint_len(s, e, &n, enc);

        if (!rb_isspace(cc)) break;
        s += n;
    }

    if (s > RSTRING_PTR(str)) {
        STR_SET_LEN(str, t-s);
        memmove(RSTRING_PTR(str), s, RSTRING_LEN(str));
        RSTRING_PTR(str)[RSTRING_LEN(str)] = '\0';
        return str;
    }
    return Qnil;
}
match(pattern) → matchdata or nil click to toggle source
match(pattern, pos) → matchdata or nil

Converts pattern to a Regexp (if it isn't already one), then invokes its match method on str. If the second parameter is present, it specifies the position in the string to begin the search.

'hello'.match('(.)\1')      #=> #<MatchData "ll" 1:"l">
'hello'.match('(.)\1')[0]   #=> "ll"
'hello'.match(/(.)\1/)[0]   #=> "ll"
'hello'.match('xx')         #=> nil

If a block is given, invoke the block with MatchData if match succeed, so that you can write

str.match(pat) {|m| ...}

instead of

if m = str.match(pat)
  ...
end

The return value is a value from block execution in this case.

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_match_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
{
    VALUE re, result;
    if (argc < 1)
        rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 2);
    re = argv[0];
    argv[0] = str;
    result = rb_funcall2(get_pat(re, 0), rb_intern("match"), argc, argv);
    if (!NIL_P(result) && rb_block_given_p()) {
        return rb_yield(result);
    }
    return result;
}
next → new_str click to toggle source

Returns the successor to str. The successor is calculated by incrementing characters starting from the rightmost alphanumeric (or the rightmost character if there are no alphanumerics) in the string. Incrementing a digit always results in another digit, and incrementing a letter results in another letter of the same case. Incrementing nonalphanumerics uses the underlying character set's collating sequence.

If the increment generates a “carry,'' the character to the left of it is incremented. This process repeats until there is no carry, adding an additional character if necessary.

"abcd".succ        #=> "abce"
"THX1138".succ     #=> "THX1139"
"<<koala>>".succ   #=> "<<koalb>>"
"1999zzz".succ     #=> "2000aaa"
"ZZZ9999".succ     #=> "AAAA0000"
"***".succ         #=> "**+"

 
               VALUE
rb_str_succ(VALUE orig)
{
    rb_encoding *enc;
    VALUE str;
    char *sbeg, *s, *e, *last_alnum = 0;
    int c = -1;
    long l;
    char carry[ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBC_MAXLEN] = "\1";
    long carry_pos = 0, carry_len = 1;
    enum neighbor_char neighbor = NEIGHBOR_FOUND;

    str = rb_str_new5(orig, RSTRING_PTR(orig), RSTRING_LEN(orig));
    rb_enc_cr_str_copy_for_substr(str, orig);
    OBJ_INFECT(str, orig);
    if (RSTRING_LEN(str) == 0) return str;

    enc = STR_ENC_GET(orig);
    sbeg = RSTRING_PTR(str);
    s = e = sbeg + RSTRING_LEN(str);

    while ((s = rb_enc_prev_char(sbeg, s, e, enc)) != 0) {
        if (neighbor == NEIGHBOR_NOT_CHAR && last_alnum) {
            if (ISALPHA(*last_alnum) ? ISDIGIT(*s) :
                ISDIGIT(*last_alnum) ? ISALPHA(*s) : 0) {
                s = last_alnum;
                break;
            }
        }
        if ((l = rb_enc_precise_mbclen(s, e, enc)) <= 0) continue;
        neighbor = enc_succ_alnum_char(s, l, enc, carry);
        switch (neighbor) {
          case NEIGHBOR_NOT_CHAR:
            continue;
          case NEIGHBOR_FOUND:
            return str;
          case NEIGHBOR_WRAPPED:
            last_alnum = s;
            break;
        }
        c = 1;
        carry_pos = s - sbeg;
        carry_len = l;
    }
    if (c == -1) {              /* str contains no alnum */
        s = e;
        while ((s = rb_enc_prev_char(sbeg, s, e, enc)) != 0) {
            enum neighbor_char neighbor;
            if ((l = rb_enc_precise_mbclen(s, e, enc)) <= 0) continue;
            neighbor = enc_succ_char(s, l, enc);
            if (neighbor == NEIGHBOR_FOUND)
                return str;
            if (rb_enc_precise_mbclen(s, s+l, enc) != l) {
                /* wrapped to \0...\0.  search next valid char. */
                enc_succ_char(s, l, enc);
            }
            if (!rb_enc_asciicompat(enc)) {
                MEMCPY(carry, s, char, l);
                carry_len = l;
            }
            carry_pos = s - sbeg;
        }
    }
    RESIZE_CAPA(str, RSTRING_LEN(str) + carry_len);
    s = RSTRING_PTR(str) + carry_pos;
    memmove(s + carry_len, s, RSTRING_LEN(str) - carry_pos);
    memmove(s, carry, carry_len);
    STR_SET_LEN(str, RSTRING_LEN(str) + carry_len);
    RSTRING_PTR(str)[RSTRING_LEN(str)] = '\0';
    rb_enc_str_coderange(str);
    return str;
}
next! → str click to toggle source

Equivalent to String#succ, but modifies the receiver in place.

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_succ_bang(VALUE str)
{
    rb_str_shared_replace(str, rb_str_succ(str));

    return str;
}
oct → integer click to toggle source

Treats leading characters of str as a string of octal digits (with an optional sign) and returns the corresponding number. Returns 0 if the conversion fails.

"123".oct       #=> 83
"-377".oct      #=> -255
"bad".oct       #=> 0
"0377bad".oct   #=> 255

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_oct(VALUE str)
{
    return rb_str_to_inum(str, -8, FALSE);
}
ord → integer click to toggle source

Return the Integer ordinal of a one-character string.

"a".ord         #=> 97

 
               VALUE
rb_str_ord(VALUE s)
{
    unsigned int c;

    c = rb_enc_codepoint(RSTRING_PTR(s), RSTRING_END(s), STR_ENC_GET(s));
    return UINT2NUM(c);
}
partition(sep) → [head, sep, tail] click to toggle source
partition(regexp) → [head, match, tail]

Searches sep or pattern (regexp) in the string and returns the part before it, the match, and the part after it. If it is not found, returns two empty strings and str.

"hello".partition("l")         #=> ["he", "l", "lo"]
"hello".partition("x")         #=> ["hello", "", ""]
"hello".partition(/.l/)        #=> ["h", "el", "lo"]

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_partition(VALUE str, VALUE sep)
{
    long pos;
    int regex = FALSE;

    if (RB_TYPE_P(sep, T_REGEXP)) {
        pos = rb_reg_search(sep, str, 0, 0);
        regex = TRUE;
    }
    else {
        VALUE tmp;

        tmp = rb_check_string_type(sep);
        if (NIL_P(tmp)) {
            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "type mismatch: %s given",
                     rb_obj_classname(sep));
        }
        sep = tmp;
        pos = rb_str_index(str, sep, 0);
    }
    if (pos < 0) {
      failed:
        return rb_ary_new3(3, str, str_new_empty(str), str_new_empty(str));
    }
    if (regex) {
        sep = rb_str_subpat(str, sep, INT2FIX(0));
        if (pos == 0 && RSTRING_LEN(sep) == 0) goto failed;
    }
    return rb_ary_new3(3, rb_str_subseq(str, 0, pos),
                          sep,
                          rb_str_subseq(str, pos+RSTRING_LEN(sep),
                                             RSTRING_LEN(str)-pos-RSTRING_LEN(sep)));
}
prepend(other_str) → str click to toggle source

Prepend—Prepend the given string to str.

a = "world"
a.prepend("hello ") #=> "hello world"
a                   #=> "hello world"

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_prepend(VALUE str, VALUE str2)
{
    StringValue(str2);
    StringValue(str);
    rb_str_update(str, 0L, 0L, str2);
    return str;
}
replace(other_str) → str click to toggle source

Replaces the contents and taintedness of str with the corresponding values in other_str.

s = "hello"         #=> "hello"
s.replace "world"   #=> "world"

 
               VALUE
rb_str_replace(VALUE str, VALUE str2)
{
    str_modifiable(str);
    if (str == str2) return str;

    StringValue(str2);
    str_discard(str);
    return str_replace(str, str2);
}
reverse → new_str click to toggle source

Returns a new string with the characters from str in reverse order.

"stressed".reverse   #=> "desserts"

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_reverse(VALUE str)
{
    rb_encoding *enc;
    VALUE rev;
    char *s, *e, *p;
    int single = 1;

    if (RSTRING_LEN(str) <= 1) return rb_str_dup(str);
    enc = STR_ENC_GET(str);
    rev = rb_str_new5(str, 0, RSTRING_LEN(str));
    s = RSTRING_PTR(str); e = RSTRING_END(str);
    p = RSTRING_END(rev);

    if (RSTRING_LEN(str) > 1) {
        if (single_byte_optimizable(str)) {
            while (s < e) {
                *--p = *s++;
            }
        }
        else if (ENC_CODERANGE(str) == ENC_CODERANGE_VALID) {
            while (s < e) {
                int clen = rb_enc_fast_mbclen(s, e, enc);

                if (clen > 1 || (*s & 0x80)) single = 0;
                p -= clen;
                memcpy(p, s, clen);
                s += clen;
            }
        }
        else {
            while (s < e) {
                int clen = rb_enc_mbclen(s, e, enc);

                if (clen > 1 || (*s & 0x80)) single = 0;
                p -= clen;
                memcpy(p, s, clen);
                s += clen;
            }
        }
    }
    STR_SET_LEN(rev, RSTRING_LEN(str));
    OBJ_INFECT(rev, str);
    if (ENC_CODERANGE(str) == ENC_CODERANGE_UNKNOWN) {
        if (single) {
            ENC_CODERANGE_SET(str, ENC_CODERANGE_7BIT);
        }
        else {
            ENC_CODERANGE_SET(str, ENC_CODERANGE_VALID);
        }
    }
    rb_enc_cr_str_copy_for_substr(rev, str);

    return rev;
}
reverse! → str click to toggle source

Reverses str in place.

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_reverse_bang(VALUE str)
{
    if (RSTRING_LEN(str) > 1) {
        if (single_byte_optimizable(str)) {
            char *s, *e, c;

            str_modify_keep_cr(str);
            s = RSTRING_PTR(str);
            e = RSTRING_END(str) - 1;
            while (s < e) {
                c = *s;
                *s++ = *e;
                *e-- = c;
            }
        }
        else {
            rb_str_shared_replace(str, rb_str_reverse(str));
        }
    }
    else {
        str_modify_keep_cr(str);
    }
    return str;
}
rindex(substring [, fixnum]) → fixnum or nil click to toggle source
rindex(regexp [, fixnum]) → fixnum or nil

Returns the index of the last occurrence of the given substring or pattern (regexp) in str. Returns nil if not found. If the second parameter is present, it specifies the position in the string to end the search—characters beyond this point will not be considered.

"hello".rindex('e')             #=> 1
"hello".rindex('l')             #=> 3
"hello".rindex('a')             #=> nil
"hello".rindex(?e)              #=> 1
"hello".rindex(/[aeiou]/, -2)   #=> 1

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_rindex_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
{
    VALUE sub;
    VALUE vpos;
    rb_encoding *enc = STR_ENC_GET(str);
    long pos, len = str_strlen(str, enc);

    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &sub, &vpos) == 2) {
        pos = NUM2LONG(vpos);
        if (pos < 0) {
            pos += len;
            if (pos < 0) {
                if (RB_TYPE_P(sub, T_REGEXP)) {
                    rb_backref_set(Qnil);
                }
                return Qnil;
            }
        }
        if (pos > len) pos = len;
    }
    else {
        pos = len;
    }

    if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(sub)) goto generic;
    switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(sub)) {
      case T_REGEXP:
        /* enc = rb_get_check(str, sub); */
        pos = str_offset(RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_END(str), pos,
                         STR_ENC_GET(str), single_byte_optimizable(str));

        if (!RREGEXP(sub)->ptr || RREGEXP_SRC_LEN(sub)) {
            pos = rb_reg_search(sub, str, pos, 1);
            pos = rb_str_sublen(str, pos);
        }
        if (pos >= 0) return LONG2NUM(pos);
        break;

      generic:
      default: {
        VALUE tmp;

        tmp = rb_check_string_type(sub);
        if (NIL_P(tmp)) {
            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "type mismatch: %s given",
                     rb_obj_classname(sub));
        }
        sub = tmp;
      }
        /* fall through */
      case T_STRING:
        pos = rb_str_rindex(str, sub, pos);
        if (pos >= 0) return LONG2NUM(pos);
        break;
    }
    return Qnil;
}
rjust(integer, padstr=' ') → new_str click to toggle source

If integer is greater than the length of str, returns a new String of length integer with str right justified and padded with padstr; otherwise, returns str.

"hello".rjust(4)            #=> "hello"
"hello".rjust(20)           #=> "               hello"
"hello".rjust(20, '1234')   #=> "123412341234123hello"

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_rjust(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
{
    return rb_str_justify(argc, argv, str, 'r');
}
rpartition(sep) → [head, sep, tail] click to toggle source
rpartition(regexp) → [head, match, tail]

Searches sep or pattern (regexp) in the string from the end of the string, and returns the part before it, the match, and the part after it. If it is not found, returns two empty strings and str.

"hello".rpartition("l")         #=> ["hel", "l", "o"]
"hello".rpartition("x")         #=> ["", "", "hello"]
"hello".rpartition(/.l/)        #=> ["he", "ll", "o"]

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_rpartition(VALUE str, VALUE sep)
{
    long pos = RSTRING_LEN(str);
    int regex = FALSE;

    if (RB_TYPE_P(sep, T_REGEXP)) {
        pos = rb_reg_search(sep, str, pos, 1);
        regex = TRUE;
    }
    else {
        VALUE tmp;

        tmp = rb_check_string_type(sep);
        if (NIL_P(tmp)) {
            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "type mismatch: %s given",
                     rb_obj_classname(sep));
        }
        sep = tmp;
        pos = rb_str_sublen(str, pos);
        pos = rb_str_rindex(str, sep, pos);
    }
    if (pos < 0) {
        return rb_ary_new3(3, str_new_empty(str), str_new_empty(str), str);
    }
    if (regex) {
        sep = rb_reg_nth_match(0, rb_backref_get());
    }
    return rb_ary_new3(3, rb_str_substr(str, 0, pos),
                          sep,
                          rb_str_substr(str,pos+str_strlen(sep,STR_ENC_GET(sep)),RSTRING_LEN(str)));
}
rstrip → new_str click to toggle source

Returns a copy of str with trailing whitespace removed. See also String#lstrip and String#strip.

"  hello  ".rstrip   #=> "  hello"
"hello".rstrip       #=> "hello"

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_rstrip(VALUE str)
{
    str = rb_str_dup(str);
    rb_str_rstrip_bang(str);
    return str;
}
rstrip! → self or nil click to toggle source

Removes trailing whitespace from str, returning nil if no change was made. See also String#lstrip! and String#strip!.

"  hello  ".rstrip   #=> "  hello"
"hello".rstrip!      #=> nil

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_rstrip_bang(VALUE str)
{
    rb_encoding *enc;
    char *s, *t, *e;

    str_modify_keep_cr(str);
    enc = STR_ENC_GET(str);
    rb_str_check_dummy_enc(enc);
    s = RSTRING_PTR(str);
    if (!s || RSTRING_LEN(str) == 0) return Qnil;
    t = e = RSTRING_END(str);

    /* remove trailing spaces or '\0's */
    if (single_byte_optimizable(str)) {
        unsigned char c;
        while (s < t && ((c = *(t-1)) == '\0' || ascii_isspace(c))) t--;
    }
    else {
        char *tp;

        while ((tp = rb_enc_prev_char(s, t, e, enc)) != NULL) {
            unsigned int c = rb_enc_codepoint(tp, e, enc);
            if (c && !rb_isspace(c)) break;
            t = tp;
        }
    }
    if (t < e) {
        long len = t-RSTRING_PTR(str);

        STR_SET_LEN(str, len);
        RSTRING_PTR(str)[len] = '\0';
        return str;
    }
    return Qnil;
}
scan(pattern) → array click to toggle source
scan(pattern) {|match, ...| block } → str

Both forms iterate through str, matching the pattern (which may be a Regexp or a String). For each match, a result is generated and either added to the result array or passed to the block. If the pattern contains no groups, each individual result consists of the matched string, $&. If the pattern contains groups, each individual result is itself an array containing one entry per group.

a = "cruel world"
a.scan(/\w+/)        #=> ["cruel", "world"]
a.scan(/.../)        #=> ["cru", "el ", "wor"]
a.scan(/(...)/)      #=> [["cru"], ["el "], ["wor"]]
a.scan(/(..)(..)/)   #=> [["cr", "ue"], ["l ", "wo"]]

And the block form:

a.scan(/\w+/) {|w| print "<<#{w}>> " }
print "\n"
a.scan(/(.)(.)/) {|x,y| print y, x }
print "\n"

produces:

<<cruel>> <<world>>
rceu lowlr
 
               static VALUE
rb_str_scan(VALUE str, VALUE pat)
{
    VALUE result;
    long start = 0;
    long last = -1, prev = 0;
    char *p = RSTRING_PTR(str); long len = RSTRING_LEN(str);

    pat = get_pat(pat, 1);
    if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
        VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();

        while (!NIL_P(result = scan_once(str, pat, &start))) {
            last = prev;
            prev = start;
            rb_ary_push(ary, result);
        }
        if (last >= 0) rb_reg_search(pat, str, last, 0);
        return ary;
    }

    while (!NIL_P(result = scan_once(str, pat, &start))) {
        last = prev;
        prev = start;
        rb_yield(result);
        str_mod_check(str, p, len);
    }
    if (last >= 0) rb_reg_search(pat, str, last, 0);
    return str;
}
setbyte(index, integer) → integer click to toggle source

modifies the indexth byte as integer.

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_setbyte(VALUE str, VALUE index, VALUE value)
{
    long pos = NUM2LONG(index);
    int byte = NUM2INT(value);

    rb_str_modify(str);

    if (pos < -RSTRING_LEN(str) || RSTRING_LEN(str) <= pos)
        rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "index %ld out of string", pos);
    if (pos < 0)
        pos += RSTRING_LEN(str);

    RSTRING_PTR(str)[pos] = byte;

    return value;
}
size → integer click to toggle source

Returns the character length of str.

 
               VALUE
rb_str_length(VALUE str)
{
    long len;

    len = str_strlen(str, STR_ENC_GET(str));
    return LONG2NUM(len);
}
slice(index) → new_str or nil click to toggle source
slice(start, length) → new_str or nil
slice(range) → new_str or nil
slice(regexp) → new_str or nil
slice(regexp, capture) → new_str or nil
slice(match_str) → new_str or nil

Element Reference — If passed a single index, returns a substring of one character at that index. If passed a start index and a length, returns a substring containing length characters starting at the index. If passed a range, its beginning and end are interpreted as offsets delimiting the substring to be returned.

In these three cases, if an index is negative, it is counted from the end of the string. For the start and range cases the starting index is just before a character and an index matching the string's size. Additionally, an empty string is returned when the starting index for a character range is at the end of the string.

Returns nil if the initial index falls outside the string or the length is negative.

If a Regexp is supplied, the matching portion of the string is returned. If a capture follows the regular expression, which may be a capture group index or name, follows the regular expression that component of the MatchData is returned instead.

If a match_str is given, that string is returned if it occurs in the string.

Returns nil if the regular expression does not match or the match string cannot be found.

a = "hello there"

a[1]                   #=> "e"
a[2, 3]                #=> "llo"
a[2..3]                #=> "ll"

a[-3, 2]               #=> "er"
a[7..-2]               #=> "her"
a[-4..-2]              #=> "her"
a[-2..-4]              #=> ""

a[11, 0]               #=> ""
a[11]                  #=> nil
a[12, 0]               #=> nil
a[12..-1]              #=> nil

a[/[aeiou](.)\1/]      #=> "ell"
a[/[aeiou](.)\1/, 0]   #=> "ell"
a[/[aeiou](.)\1/, 1]   #=> "l"
a[/[aeiou](.)\1/, 2]   #=> nil

a[/(?<vowel>[aeiou])(?<non_vowel>[^aeiou])/, "non_vowel"] #=> "l"
a[/(?<vowel>[aeiou])(?<non_vowel>[^aeiou])/, "vowel"]     #=> "e"

a["lo"]                #=> "lo"
a["bye"]               #=> nil

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_aref_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
{
    if (argc == 2) {
        if (RB_TYPE_P(argv[0], T_REGEXP)) {
            return rb_str_subpat(str, argv[0], argv[1]);
        }
        return rb_str_substr(str, NUM2LONG(argv[0]), NUM2LONG(argv[1]));
    }
    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 2);
    return rb_str_aref(str, argv[0]);
}
slice!(fixnum) → fixnum or nil click to toggle source
slice!(fixnum, fixnum) → new_str or nil
slice!(range) → new_str or nil
slice!(regexp) → new_str or nil
slice!(other_str) → new_str or nil

Deletes the specified portion from str, and returns the portion deleted.

string = "this is a string"
string.slice!(2)        #=> "i"
string.slice!(3..6)     #=> " is "
string.slice!(/s.*t/)   #=> "sa st"
string.slice!("r")      #=> "r"
string                  #=> "thing"

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_slice_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
{
    VALUE result;
    VALUE buf[3];
    int i;

    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 2);
    for (i=0; i<argc; i++) {
        buf[i] = argv[i];
    }
    str_modify_keep_cr(str);
    result = rb_str_aref_m(argc, buf, str);
    if (!NIL_P(result)) {
        buf[i] = rb_str_new(0,0);
        rb_str_aset_m(argc+1, buf, str);
    }
    return result;
}
split(pattern=$;, [limit]) → anArray click to toggle source

Divides str into substrings based on a delimiter, returning an array of these substrings.

If pattern is a String, then its contents are used as the delimiter when splitting str. If pattern is a single space, str is split on whitespace, with leading whitespace and runs of contiguous whitespace characters ignored.

If pattern is a Regexp, str is divided where the pattern matches. Whenever the pattern matches a zero-length string, str is split into individual characters. If pattern contains groups, the respective matches will be returned in the array as well.

If pattern is omitted, the value of $; is used. If $; is nil (which is the default), str is split on whitespace as if ` ' were specified.

If the limit parameter is omitted, trailing null fields are suppressed. If limit is a positive number, at most that number of fields will be returned (if limit is 1, the entire string is returned as the only entry in an array). If negative, there is no limit to the number of fields returned, and trailing null fields are not suppressed.

When the input str is empty an empty Array is returned as the string is considered to have no fields to split.

" now's  the time".split        #=> ["now's", "the", "time"]
" now's  the time".split(' ')   #=> ["now's", "the", "time"]
" now's  the time".split(/ /)   #=> ["", "now's", "", "the", "time"]
"1, 2.34,56, 7".split(%r{,\s*}) #=> ["1", "2.34", "56", "7"]
"hello".split(//)               #=> ["h", "e", "l", "l", "o"]
"hello".split(//, 3)            #=> ["h", "e", "llo"]
"hi mom".split(%r{\s*})         #=> ["h", "i", "m", "o", "m"]

"mellow yellow".split("ello")   #=> ["m", "w y", "w"]
"1,2,,3,4,,".split(',')         #=> ["1", "2", "", "3", "4"]
"1,2,,3,4,,".split(',', 4)      #=> ["1", "2", "", "3,4,,"]
"1,2,,3,4,,".split(',', -4)     #=> ["1", "2", "", "3", "4", "", ""]

"".split(',', -1)               #=> []

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_split_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
{
    rb_encoding *enc;
    VALUE spat;
    VALUE limit;
    enum {awk, string, regexp} split_type;
    long beg, end, i = 0;
    int lim = 0;
    VALUE result, tmp;

    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &spat, &limit) == 2) {
        lim = NUM2INT(limit);
        if (lim <= 0) limit = Qnil;
        else if (lim == 1) {
            if (RSTRING_LEN(str) == 0)
                return rb_ary_new2(0);
            return rb_ary_new3(1, str);
        }
        i = 1;
    }

    enc = STR_ENC_GET(str);
    if (NIL_P(spat)) {
        if (!NIL_P(rb_fs)) {
            spat = rb_fs;
            goto fs_set;
        }
        split_type = awk;
    }
    else {
      fs_set:
        if (RB_TYPE_P(spat, T_STRING)) {
            rb_encoding *enc2 = STR_ENC_GET(spat);

            split_type = string;
            if (RSTRING_LEN(spat) == 0) {
                /* Special case - split into chars */
                spat = rb_reg_regcomp(spat);
                split_type = regexp;
            }
            else if (rb_enc_asciicompat(enc2) == 1) {
                if (RSTRING_LEN(spat) == 1 && RSTRING_PTR(spat)[0] == ' '){
                    split_type = awk;
                }
            }
            else {
                int l;
                if (rb_enc_ascget(RSTRING_PTR(spat), RSTRING_END(spat), &l, enc2) == ' ' &&
                    RSTRING_LEN(spat) == l) {
                    split_type = awk;
                }
            }
        }
        else {
            spat = get_pat(spat, 1);
            split_type = regexp;
        }
    }

    result = rb_ary_new();
    beg = 0;
    if (split_type == awk) {
        char *ptr = RSTRING_PTR(str);
        char *eptr = RSTRING_END(str);
        char *bptr = ptr;
        int skip = 1;
        unsigned int c;

        end = beg;
        if (is_ascii_string(str)) {
            while (ptr < eptr) {
                c = (unsigned char)*ptr++;
                if (skip) {
                    if (ascii_isspace(c)) {
                        beg = ptr - bptr;
                    }
                    else {
                        end = ptr - bptr;
                        skip = 0;
                        if (!NIL_P(limit) && lim <= i) break;
                    }
                }
                else if (ascii_isspace(c)) {
                    rb_ary_push(result, rb_str_subseq(str, beg, end-beg));
                    skip = 1;
                    beg = ptr - bptr;
                    if (!NIL_P(limit)) ++i;
                }
                else {
                    end = ptr - bptr;
                }
            }
        }
        else {
            while (ptr < eptr) {
                int n;

                c = rb_enc_codepoint_len(ptr, eptr, &n, enc);
                ptr += n;
                if (skip) {
                    if (rb_isspace(c)) {
                        beg = ptr - bptr;
                    }
                    else {
                        end = ptr - bptr;
                        skip = 0;
                        if (!NIL_P(limit) && lim <= i) break;
                    }
                }
                else if (rb_isspace(c)) {
                    rb_ary_push(result, rb_str_subseq(str, beg, end-beg));
                    skip = 1;
                    beg = ptr - bptr;
                    if (!NIL_P(limit)) ++i;
                }
                else {
                    end = ptr - bptr;
                }
            }
        }
    }
    else if (split_type == string) {
        char *ptr = RSTRING_PTR(str);
        char *temp = ptr;
        char *eptr = RSTRING_END(str);
        char *sptr = RSTRING_PTR(spat);
        long slen = RSTRING_LEN(spat);

        if (is_broken_string(str)) {
            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid byte sequence in %s", rb_enc_name(STR_ENC_GET(str)));
        }
        if (is_broken_string(spat)) {
            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid byte sequence in %s", rb_enc_name(STR_ENC_GET(spat)));
        }
        enc = rb_enc_check(str, spat);
        while (ptr < eptr &&
               (end = rb_memsearch(sptr, slen, ptr, eptr - ptr, enc)) >= 0) {
            /* Check we are at the start of a char */
            char *t = rb_enc_right_char_head(ptr, ptr + end, eptr, enc);
            if (t != ptr + end) {
                ptr = t;
                continue;
            }
            rb_ary_push(result, rb_str_subseq(str, ptr - temp, end));
            ptr += end + slen;
            if (!NIL_P(limit) && lim <= ++i) break;
        }
        beg = ptr - temp;
    }
    else {
        char *ptr = RSTRING_PTR(str);
        long len = RSTRING_LEN(str);
        long start = beg;
        long idx;
        int last_null = 0;
        struct re_registers *regs;

        while ((end = rb_reg_search(spat, str, start, 0)) >= 0) {
            regs = RMATCH_REGS(rb_backref_get());
            if (start == end && BEG(0) == END(0)) {
                if (!ptr) {
                    rb_ary_push(result, str_new_empty(str));
                    break;
                }
                else if (last_null == 1) {
                    rb_ary_push(result, rb_str_subseq(str, beg,
                                                      rb_enc_fast_mbclen(ptr+beg,
                                                                         ptr+len,
                                                                         enc)));
                    beg = start;
                }
                else {
                    if (ptr+start == ptr+len)
                        start++;
                    else
                        start += rb_enc_fast_mbclen(ptr+start,ptr+len,enc);
                    last_null = 1;
                    continue;
                }
            }
            else {
                rb_ary_push(result, rb_str_subseq(str, beg, end-beg));
                beg = start = END(0);
            }
            last_null = 0;

            for (idx=1; idx < regs->num_regs; idx++) {
                if (BEG(idx) == -1) continue;
                if (BEG(idx) == END(idx))
                    tmp = str_new_empty(str);
                else
                    tmp = rb_str_subseq(str, BEG(idx), END(idx)-BEG(idx));
                rb_ary_push(result, tmp);
            }
            if (!NIL_P(limit) && lim <= ++i) break;
        }
    }
    if (RSTRING_LEN(str) > 0 && (!NIL_P(limit) || RSTRING_LEN(str) > beg || lim < 0)) {
        if (RSTRING_LEN(str) == beg)
            tmp = str_new_empty(str);
        else
            tmp = rb_str_subseq(str, beg, RSTRING_LEN(str)-beg);
        rb_ary_push(result, tmp);
    }
    if (NIL_P(limit) && lim == 0) {
        long len;
        while ((len = RARRAY_LEN(result)) > 0 &&
               (tmp = RARRAY_PTR(result)[len-1], RSTRING_LEN(tmp) == 0))
            rb_ary_pop(result);
    }

    return result;
}
squeeze([other_str]*) → new_str click to toggle source

Builds a set of characters from the other_str parameter(s) using the procedure described for String#count. Returns a new string where runs of the same character that occur in this set are replaced by a single character. If no arguments are given, all runs of identical characters are replaced by a single character.

"yellow moon".squeeze                  #=> "yelow mon"
"  now   is  the".squeeze(" ")         #=> " now is the"
"putters shoot balls".squeeze("m-z")   #=> "puters shot balls"

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_squeeze(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
{
    str = rb_str_dup(str);
    rb_str_squeeze_bang(argc, argv, str);
    return str;
}
squeeze!([other_str]*) → str or nil click to toggle source

Squeezes str in place, returning either str, or nil if no changes were made.

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_squeeze_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
{
    char squeez[TR_TABLE_SIZE];
    rb_encoding *enc = 0;
    VALUE del = 0, nodel = 0;
    char *s, *send, *t;
    int i, modify = 0;
    int ascompat, singlebyte = single_byte_optimizable(str);
    unsigned int save;

    if (argc == 0) {
        enc = STR_ENC_GET(str);
    }
    else {
        for (i=0; i<argc; i++) {
            VALUE s = argv[i];

            StringValue(s);
            enc = rb_enc_check(str, s);
            if (singlebyte && !single_byte_optimizable(s))
                singlebyte = 0;
            tr_setup_table(s, squeez, i==0, &del, &nodel, enc);
        }
    }

    str_modify_keep_cr(str);
    s = t = RSTRING_PTR(str);
    if (!s || RSTRING_LEN(str) == 0) return Qnil;
    send = RSTRING_END(str);
    save = -1;
    ascompat = rb_enc_asciicompat(enc);

    if (singlebyte) {
        while (s < send) {
            unsigned int c = *(unsigned char*)s++;
            if (c != save || (argc > 0 && !squeez[c])) {
                *t++ = save = c;
            }
        }
    } else {
        while (s < send) {
            unsigned int c;
            int clen;

            if (ascompat && (c = *(unsigned char*)s) < 0x80) {
                if (c != save || (argc > 0 && !squeez[c])) {
                    *t++ = save = c;
                }
                s++;
            }
            else {
                c = rb_enc_codepoint_len(s, send, &clen, enc);

                if (c != save || (argc > 0 && !tr_find(c, squeez, del, nodel))) {
                    if (t != s) rb_enc_mbcput(c, t, enc);
                    save = c;
                    t += clen;
                }
                s += clen;
            }
        }
    }

    *t = '\0';
    if (t - RSTRING_PTR(str) != RSTRING_LEN(str)) {
        STR_SET_LEN(str, t - RSTRING_PTR(str));
        modify = 1;
    }

    if (modify) return str;
    return Qnil;
}
start_with?([prefixes]+) → true or false click to toggle source

Returns true if str starts with one of the prefixes given.

"hello".start_with?("hell")               #=> true

# returns true if one of the prefixes matches.
"hello".start_with?("heaven", "hell")     #=> true
"hello".start_with?("heaven", "paradise") #=> false

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_start_with(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
{
    int i;

    for (i=0; i<argc; i++) {
        VALUE tmp = argv[i];
        StringValue(tmp);
        rb_enc_check(str, tmp);
        if (RSTRING_LEN(str) < RSTRING_LEN(tmp)) continue;
        if (memcmp(RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_PTR(tmp), RSTRING_LEN(tmp)) == 0)
            return Qtrue;
    }
    return Qfalse;
}
strip → new_str click to toggle source

Returns a copy of str with leading and trailing whitespace removed.

"    hello    ".strip   #=> "hello"
"\tgoodbye\r\n".strip   #=> "goodbye"

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_strip(VALUE str)
{
    str = rb_str_dup(str);
    rb_str_strip_bang(str);
    return str;
}
strip! → str or nil click to toggle source

Removes leading and trailing whitespace from str. Returns nil if str was not altered.

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_strip_bang(VALUE str)
{
    VALUE l = rb_str_lstrip_bang(str);
    VALUE r = rb_str_rstrip_bang(str);

    if (NIL_P(l) && NIL_P(r)) return Qnil;
    return str;
}
sub(pattern, replacement) → new_str click to toggle source
sub(pattern, hash) → new_str
sub(pattern) {|match| block } → new_str

Returns a copy of str with the first occurrence of pattern replaced by the second argument. The pattern is typically a Regexp; if given as a String, any regular expression metacharacters it contains will be interpreted literally, e.g. '\\d' will match a backlash followed by 'd', instead of a digit.

If replacement is a String it will be substituted for the matched text. It may contain back-references to the pattern's capture groups of the form "\d", where d is a group number, or "\k<n>", where n is a group name. If it is a double-quoted string, both back-references must be preceded by an additional backslash. However, within replacement the special match variables, such as &$, will not refer to the current match.

If the second argument is a Hash, and the matched text is one of its keys, the corresponding value is the replacement string.

In the block form, the current match string is passed in as a parameter, and variables such as $1, $2, $`, $&, and $' will be set appropriately. The value returned by the block will be substituted for the match on each call.

The result inherits any tainting in the original string or any supplied replacement string.

"hello".sub(/[aeiou]/, '*')                  #=> "h*llo"
"hello".sub(/([aeiou])/, '<\1>')             #=> "h<e>llo"
"hello".sub(/./) {|s| s.ord.to_s + ' ' }     #=> "104 ello"
"hello".sub(/(?<foo>[aeiou])/, '*\k<foo>*')  #=> "h*e*llo"
'Is SHELL your preferred shell?'.sub(/[[:upper:]]{2,}/, ENV)
 #=> "Is /bin/bash your preferred shell?"

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_sub(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
{
    str = rb_str_dup(str);
    rb_str_sub_bang(argc, argv, str);
    return str;
}
sub!(pattern, replacement) → str or nil click to toggle source
sub!(pattern) {|match| block } → str or nil

Performs the same substitution as #sub in-place.

Returns str if a substitution was performed or nil if no substitution was performed.

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_sub_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
{
    VALUE pat, repl, hash = Qnil;
    int iter = 0;
    int tainted = 0;
    int untrusted = 0;
    long plen;
    int min_arity = rb_block_given_p() ? 1 : 2;

    rb_check_arity(argc, min_arity, 2);
    if (argc == 1) {
        iter = 1;
    }
    else {
        repl = argv[1];
        hash = rb_check_hash_type(argv[1]);
        if (NIL_P(hash)) {
            StringValue(repl);
        }
        if (OBJ_TAINTED(repl)) tainted = 1;
        if (OBJ_UNTRUSTED(repl)) untrusted = 1;
    }

    pat = get_pat(argv[0], 1);
    str_modifiable(str);
    if (rb_reg_search(pat, str, 0, 0) >= 0) {
        rb_encoding *enc;
        int cr = ENC_CODERANGE(str);
        VALUE match = rb_backref_get();
        struct re_registers *regs = RMATCH_REGS(match);
        long beg0 = BEG(0);
        long end0 = END(0);
        char *p, *rp;
        long len, rlen;

        if (iter || !NIL_P(hash)) {
            p = RSTRING_PTR(str); len = RSTRING_LEN(str);

            if (iter) {
                repl = rb_obj_as_string(rb_yield(rb_reg_nth_match(0, match)));
            }
            else {
                repl = rb_hash_aref(hash, rb_str_subseq(str, beg0, end0 - beg0));
                repl = rb_obj_as_string(repl);
            }
            str_mod_check(str, p, len);
            rb_check_frozen(str);
        }
        else {
            repl = rb_reg_regsub(repl, str, regs, pat);
        }
        enc = rb_enc_compatible(str, repl);
        if (!enc) {
            rb_encoding *str_enc = STR_ENC_GET(str);
            p = RSTRING_PTR(str); len = RSTRING_LEN(str);
            if (coderange_scan(p, beg0, str_enc) != ENC_CODERANGE_7BIT ||
                coderange_scan(p+end0, len-end0, str_enc) != ENC_CODERANGE_7BIT) {
                rb_raise(rb_eEncCompatError, "incompatible character encodings: %s and %s",
                         rb_enc_name(str_enc),
                         rb_enc_name(STR_ENC_GET(repl)));
            }
            enc = STR_ENC_GET(repl);
        }
        rb_str_modify(str);
        rb_enc_associate(str, enc);
        if (OBJ_TAINTED(repl)) tainted = 1;
        if (OBJ_UNTRUSTED(repl)) untrusted = 1;
        if (ENC_CODERANGE_UNKNOWN < cr && cr < ENC_CODERANGE_BROKEN) {
            int cr2 = ENC_CODERANGE(repl);
            if (cr2 == ENC_CODERANGE_BROKEN ||
                (cr == ENC_CODERANGE_VALID && cr2 == ENC_CODERANGE_7BIT))
                cr = ENC_CODERANGE_UNKNOWN;
            else
                cr = cr2;
        }
        plen = end0 - beg0;
        rp = RSTRING_PTR(repl); rlen = RSTRING_LEN(repl);
        len = RSTRING_LEN(str);
        if (rlen > plen) {
            RESIZE_CAPA(str, len + rlen - plen);
        }
        p = RSTRING_PTR(str);
        if (rlen != plen) {
            memmove(p + beg0 + rlen, p + beg0 + plen, len - beg0 - plen);
        }
        memcpy(p + beg0, rp, rlen);
        len += rlen - plen;
        STR_SET_LEN(str, len);
        RSTRING_PTR(str)[len] = '\0';
        ENC_CODERANGE_SET(str, cr);
        if (tainted) OBJ_TAINT(str);
        if (untrusted) OBJ_UNTRUST(str);

        return str;
    }
    return Qnil;
}
succ → new_str click to toggle source

Returns the successor to str. The successor is calculated by incrementing characters starting from the rightmost alphanumeric (or the rightmost character if there are no alphanumerics) in the string. Incrementing a digit always results in another digit, and incrementing a letter results in another letter of the same case. Incrementing nonalphanumerics uses the underlying character set's collating sequence.

If the increment generates a “carry,'' the character to the left of it is incremented. This process repeats until there is no carry, adding an additional character if necessary.

"abcd".succ        #=> "abce"
"THX1138".succ     #=> "THX1139"
"<<koala>>".succ   #=> "<<koalb>>"
"1999zzz".succ     #=> "2000aaa"
"ZZZ9999".succ     #=> "AAAA0000"
"***".succ         #=> "**+"

 
               VALUE
rb_str_succ(VALUE orig)
{
    rb_encoding *enc;
    VALUE str;
    char *sbeg, *s, *e, *last_alnum = 0;
    int c = -1;
    long l;
    char carry[ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBC_MAXLEN] = "\1";
    long carry_pos = 0, carry_len = 1;
    enum neighbor_char neighbor = NEIGHBOR_FOUND;

    str = rb_str_new5(orig, RSTRING_PTR(orig), RSTRING_LEN(orig));
    rb_enc_cr_str_copy_for_substr(str, orig);
    OBJ_INFECT(str, orig);
    if (RSTRING_LEN(str) == 0) return str;

    enc = STR_ENC_GET(orig);
    sbeg = RSTRING_PTR(str);
    s = e = sbeg + RSTRING_LEN(str);

    while ((s = rb_enc_prev_char(sbeg, s, e, enc)) != 0) {
        if (neighbor == NEIGHBOR_NOT_CHAR && last_alnum) {
            if (ISALPHA(*last_alnum) ? ISDIGIT(*s) :
                ISDIGIT(*last_alnum) ? ISALPHA(*s) : 0) {
                s = last_alnum;
                break;
            }
        }
        if ((l = rb_enc_precise_mbclen(s, e, enc)) <= 0) continue;
        neighbor = enc_succ_alnum_char(s, l, enc, carry);
        switch (neighbor) {
          case NEIGHBOR_NOT_CHAR:
            continue;
          case NEIGHBOR_FOUND:
            return str;
          case NEIGHBOR_WRAPPED:
            last_alnum = s;
            break;
        }
        c = 1;
        carry_pos = s - sbeg;
        carry_len = l;
    }
    if (c == -1) {              /* str contains no alnum */
        s = e;
        while ((s = rb_enc_prev_char(sbeg, s, e, enc)) != 0) {
            enum neighbor_char neighbor;
            if ((l = rb_enc_precise_mbclen(s, e, enc)) <= 0) continue;
            neighbor = enc_succ_char(s, l, enc);
            if (neighbor == NEIGHBOR_FOUND)
                return str;
            if (rb_enc_precise_mbclen(s, s+l, enc) != l) {
                /* wrapped to \0...\0.  search next valid char. */
                enc_succ_char(s, l, enc);
            }
            if (!rb_enc_asciicompat(enc)) {
                MEMCPY(carry, s, char, l);
                carry_len = l;
            }
            carry_pos = s - sbeg;
        }
    }
    RESIZE_CAPA(str, RSTRING_LEN(str) + carry_len);
    s = RSTRING_PTR(str) + carry_pos;
    memmove(s + carry_len, s, RSTRING_LEN(str) - carry_pos);
    memmove(s, carry, carry_len);
    STR_SET_LEN(str, RSTRING_LEN(str) + carry_len);
    RSTRING_PTR(str)[RSTRING_LEN(str)] = '\0';
    rb_enc_str_coderange(str);
    return str;
}
succ! → str click to toggle source

Equivalent to String#succ, but modifies the receiver in place.

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_succ_bang(VALUE str)
{
    rb_str_shared_replace(str, rb_str_succ(str));

    return str;
}
sum(n=16) → integer click to toggle source

Returns a basic n-bit checksum of the characters in str, where n is the optional Fixnum parameter, defaulting to 16. The result is simply the sum of the binary value of each character in str modulo 2**n - 1. This is not a particularly good checksum.

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_sum(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
{
    VALUE vbits;
    int bits;
    char *ptr, *p, *pend;
    long len;
    VALUE sum = INT2FIX(0);
    unsigned long sum0 = 0;

    if (argc == 0) {
        bits = 16;
    }
    else {
        rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &vbits);
        bits = NUM2INT(vbits);
    }
    ptr = p = RSTRING_PTR(str);
    len = RSTRING_LEN(str);
    pend = p + len;

    while (p < pend) {
        if (FIXNUM_MAX - UCHAR_MAX < sum0) {
            sum = rb_funcall(sum, '+', 1, LONG2FIX(sum0));
            str_mod_check(str, ptr, len);
            sum0 = 0;
        }
        sum0 += (unsigned char)*p;
        p++;
    }

    if (bits == 0) {
        if (sum0) {
            sum = rb_funcall(sum, '+', 1, LONG2FIX(sum0));
        }
    }
    else {
        if (sum == INT2FIX(0)) {
            if (bits < (int)sizeof(long)*CHAR_BIT) {
                sum0 &= (((unsigned long)1)<<bits)-1;
            }
            sum = LONG2FIX(sum0);
        }
        else {
            VALUE mod;

            if (sum0) {
                sum = rb_funcall(sum, '+', 1, LONG2FIX(sum0));
            }

            mod = rb_funcall(INT2FIX(1), rb_intern("<<"), 1, INT2FIX(bits));
            mod = rb_funcall(mod, '-', 1, INT2FIX(1));
            sum = rb_funcall(sum, '&', 1, mod);
        }
    }
    return sum;
}
swapcase → new_str click to toggle source

Returns a copy of str with uppercase alphabetic characters converted to lowercase and lowercase characters converted to uppercase. Note: case conversion is effective only in ASCII region.

"Hello".swapcase          #=> "hELLO"
"cYbEr_PuNk11".swapcase   #=> "CyBeR_pUnK11"

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_swapcase(VALUE str)
{
    str = rb_str_dup(str);
    rb_str_swapcase_bang(str);
    return str;
}
swapcase! → str or nil click to toggle source

Equivalent to String#swapcase, but modifies the receiver in place, returning str, or nil if no changes were made. Note: case conversion is effective only in ASCII region.

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_swapcase_bang(VALUE str)
{
    rb_encoding *enc;
    char *s, *send;
    int modify = 0;
    int n;

    str_modify_keep_cr(str);
    enc = STR_ENC_GET(str);
    rb_str_check_dummy_enc(enc);
    s = RSTRING_PTR(str); send = RSTRING_END(str);
    while (s < send) {
        unsigned int c = rb_enc_codepoint_len(s, send, &n, enc);

        if (rb_enc_isupper(c, enc)) {
            /* assuming toupper returns codepoint with same size */
            rb_enc_mbcput(rb_enc_tolower(c, enc), s, enc);
            modify = 1;
        }
        else if (rb_enc_islower(c, enc)) {
            /* assuming tolower returns codepoint with same size */
            rb_enc_mbcput(rb_enc_toupper(c, enc), s, enc);
            modify = 1;
        }
        s += n;
    }

    if (modify) return str;
    return Qnil;
}
to_c → complex click to toggle source

Returns a complex which denotes the string form. The parser ignores leading whitespaces and trailing garbage. Any digit sequences can be separated by an underscore. Returns zero for null or garbage string.

'9'.to_c           #=> (9+0i)
'2.5'.to_c         #=> (2.5+0i)
'2.5/1'.to_c       #=> ((5/2)+0i)
'-3/2'.to_c        #=> ((-3/2)+0i)
'-i'.to_c          #=> (0-1i)
'45i'.to_c         #=> (0+45i)
'3-4i'.to_c        #=> (3-4i)
'-4e2-4e-2i'.to_c  #=> (-400.0-0.04i)
'-0.0-0.0i'.to_c   #=> (-0.0-0.0i)
'1/2+3/4i'.to_c    #=> ((1/2)+(3/4)*i)
'ruby'.to_c        #=> (0+0i)

See Kernel.Complex.

 
               static VALUE
string_to_c(VALUE self)
{
    char *s;
    VALUE num;

    rb_must_asciicompat(self);

    s = RSTRING_PTR(self);

    if (s && s[RSTRING_LEN(self)]) {
        rb_str_modify(self);
        s = RSTRING_PTR(self);
        s[RSTRING_LEN(self)] = '\0';
    }

    if (!s)
        s = (char *)"";

    (void)parse_comp(s, 0, &num);

    return num;
}
to_f → float click to toggle source

Returns the result of interpreting leading characters in str as a floating point number. Extraneous characters past the end of a valid number are ignored. If there is not a valid number at the start of str, 0.0 is returned. This method never raises an exception.

"123.45e1".to_f        #=> 1234.5
"45.67 degrees".to_f   #=> 45.67
"thx1138".to_f         #=> 0.0

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_to_f(VALUE str)
{
    return DBL2NUM(rb_str_to_dbl(str, FALSE));
}
to_i(base=10) → integer click to toggle source

Returns the result of interpreting leading characters in str as an integer base base (between 2 and 36). Extraneous characters past the end of a valid number are ignored. If there is not a valid number at the start of str, 0 is returned. This method never raises an exception when base is valid.

"12345".to_i             #=> 12345
"99 red balloons".to_i   #=> 99
"0a".to_i                #=> 0
"0a".to_i(16)            #=> 10
"hello".to_i             #=> 0
"1100101".to_i(2)        #=> 101
"1100101".to_i(8)        #=> 294977
"1100101".to_i(10)       #=> 1100101
"1100101".to_i(16)       #=> 17826049

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_to_i(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
{
    int base;

    if (argc == 0) base = 10;
    else {
        VALUE b;

        rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &b);
        base = NUM2INT(b);
    }
    if (base < 0) {
        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid radix %d", base);
    }
    return rb_str_to_inum(str, base, FALSE);
}
to_r → rational click to toggle source

Returns a rational which denotes the string form. The parser ignores leading whitespaces and trailing garbage. Any digit sequences can be separated by an underscore. Returns zero for null or garbage string.

NOTE: '0.3'.to_r isn't the same as 0.3.to_r. The former is equivalent to '3/10'.to_r, but the latter isn't so.

'  2  '.to_r       #=> (2/1)
'300/2'.to_r       #=> (150/1)
'-9.2'.to_r        #=> (-46/5)
'-9.2e2'.to_r      #=> (-920/1)
'1_234_567'.to_r   #=> (1234567/1)
'21 june 09'.to_r  #=> (21/1)
'21/06/09'.to_r    #=> (7/2)
'bwv 1079'.to_r    #=> (0/1)

See Kernel.Rational.

 
               static VALUE
string_to_r(VALUE self)
{
    char *s;
    VALUE num;

    rb_must_asciicompat(self);

    s = RSTRING_PTR(self);

    if (s && s[RSTRING_LEN(self)]) {
        rb_str_modify(self);
        s = RSTRING_PTR(self);
        s[RSTRING_LEN(self)] = '\0';
    }

    if (!s)
        s = (char *)"";

    (void)parse_rat(s, 0, &num);

    if (RB_TYPE_P(num, T_FLOAT))
        rb_raise(rb_eFloatDomainError, "Infinity");
    return num;
}
to_s → str click to toggle source
to_str → str

Returns the receiver.

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_to_s(VALUE str)
{
    if (rb_obj_class(str) != rb_cString) {
        return str_duplicate(rb_cString, str);
    }
    return str;
}
to_str → str click to toggle source

Returns the receiver.

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_to_s(VALUE str)
{
    if (rb_obj_class(str) != rb_cString) {
        return str_duplicate(rb_cString, str);
    }
    return str;
}
to_sym → symbol click to toggle source

Returns the Symbol corresponding to str, creating the symbol if it did not previously exist. See Symbol#id2name.

"Koala".intern         #=> :Koala
s = 'cat'.to_sym       #=> :cat
s == :cat              #=> true
s = '@cat'.to_sym      #=> :@cat
s == :@cat             #=> true

This can also be used to create symbols that cannot be represented using the :xxx notation.

'cat and dog'.to_sym   #=> :"cat and dog"

 
               VALUE
rb_str_intern(VALUE s)
{
    VALUE str = RB_GC_GUARD(s);
    ID id;

    id = rb_intern_str(str);
    return ID2SYM(id);
}
tr(from_str, to_str) => new_str click to toggle source

Returns a copy of str with the characters in from_str replaced by the corresponding characters in to_str. If to_str is shorter than from_str, it is padded with its last character in order to maintain the correspondence.

"hello".tr('el', 'ip')      #=> "hippo"
"hello".tr('aeiou', '*')    #=> "h*ll*"
"hello".tr('aeiou', 'AA*')  #=> "hAll*"

Both strings may use the c1-c2 notation to denote ranges of characters, and from_str may start with a ^, which denotes all characters except those listed.

"hello".tr('a-y', 'b-z')    #=> "ifmmp"
"hello".tr('^aeiou', '*')   #=> "*e**o"

The backslash character </code> can be used to escape <code>^ or - and is otherwise ignored unless it appears at the end of a range or the end of the from_str or to_str:

"hello^world".tr("\\^aeiou", "*") #=> "h*ll**w*rld"
"hello-world".tr("a\\-eo", "*")   #=> "h*ll**w*rld"

"hello\r\nworld".tr("\r", "")   #=> "hello\nworld"
"hello\r\nworld".tr("\\r", "")  #=> "hello\r\nwold"
"hello\r\nworld".tr("\\\r", "") #=> "hello\nworld"

"X['\\b']".tr("X\\", "")   #=> "['b']"
"X['\\b']".tr("X-\\]", "") #=> "'b'"

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_tr(VALUE str, VALUE src, VALUE repl)
{
    str = rb_str_dup(str);
    tr_trans(str, src, repl, 0);
    return str;
}
tr!(from_str, to_str) → str or nil click to toggle source

Translates str in place, using the same rules as String#tr. Returns str, or nil if no changes were made.

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_tr_bang(VALUE str, VALUE src, VALUE repl)
{
    return tr_trans(str, src, repl, 0);
}
tr_s(from_str, to_str) → new_str click to toggle source

Processes a copy of str as described under String#tr, then removes duplicate characters in regions that were affected by the translation.

"hello".tr_s('l', 'r')     #=> "hero"
"hello".tr_s('el', '*')    #=> "h*o"
"hello".tr_s('el', 'hx')   #=> "hhxo"

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_tr_s(VALUE str, VALUE src, VALUE repl)
{
    str = rb_str_dup(str);
    tr_trans(str, src, repl, 1);
    return str;
}
tr_s!(from_str, to_str) → str or nil click to toggle source

Performs String#tr_s processing on str in place, returning str, or nil if no changes were made.

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_tr_s_bang(VALUE str, VALUE src, VALUE repl)
{
    return tr_trans(str, src, repl, 1);
}
unpack(format) → anArray click to toggle source

Decodes str (which may contain binary data) according to the format string, returning an array of each value extracted. The format string consists of a sequence of single-character directives, summarized in the table at the end of this entry. Each directive may be followed by a number, indicating the number of times to repeat with this directive. An asterisk (“*'') will use up all remaining elements. The directives sSiIlL may each be followed by an underscore (“_'') or exclamation mark (“!'') to use the underlying platform's native size for the specified type; otherwise, it uses a platform-independent consistent size. Spaces are ignored in the format string. See also Array#pack.

"abc \0\0abc \0\0".unpack('A6Z6')   #=> ["abc", "abc "]
"abc \0\0".unpack('a3a3')           #=> ["abc", " \000\000"]
"abc \0abc \0".unpack('Z*Z*')       #=> ["abc ", "abc "]
"aa".unpack('b8B8')                 #=> ["10000110", "01100001"]
"aaa".unpack('h2H2c')               #=> ["16", "61", 97]
"\xfe\xff\xfe\xff".unpack('sS')     #=> [-2, 65534]
"now=20is".unpack('M*')             #=> ["now is"]
"whole".unpack('xax2aX2aX1aX2a')    #=> ["h", "e", "l", "l", "o"]

This table summarizes the various formats and the Ruby classes returned by each.

Integer      |         |
Directive    | Returns | Meaning
-----------------------------------------------------------------
   C         | Integer | 8-bit unsigned (unsigned char)
   S         | Integer | 16-bit unsigned, native endian (uint16_t)
   L         | Integer | 32-bit unsigned, native endian (uint32_t)
   Q         | Integer | 64-bit unsigned, native endian (uint64_t)
             |         |
   c         | Integer | 8-bit signed (signed char)
   s         | Integer | 16-bit signed, native endian (int16_t)
   l         | Integer | 32-bit signed, native endian (int32_t)
   q         | Integer | 64-bit signed, native endian (int64_t)
             |         |
   S_, S!    | Integer | unsigned short, native endian
   I, I_, I! | Integer | unsigned int, native endian
   L_, L!    | Integer | unsigned long, native endian
             |         |
   s_, s!    | Integer | signed short, native endian
   i, i_, i! | Integer | signed int, native endian
   l_, l!    | Integer | signed long, native endian
             |         |
   S> L> Q>  | Integer | same as the directives without ">" except
   s> l> q>  |         | big endian
   S!> I!>   |         | (available since Ruby 1.9.3)
   L!> Q!>   |         | "S>" is same as "n"
   s!> i!>   |         | "L>" is same as "N"
   l!> q!>   |         |
             |         |
   S< L< Q<  | Integer | same as the directives without "<" except
   s< l< q<  |         | little endian
   S!< I!<   |         | (available since Ruby 1.9.3)
   L!< Q!<   |         | "S<" is same as "v"
   s!< i!<   |         | "L<" is same as "V"
   l!< q!<   |         |
             |         |
   n         | Integer | 16-bit unsigned, network (big-endian) byte order
   N         | Integer | 32-bit unsigned, network (big-endian) byte order
   v         | Integer | 16-bit unsigned, VAX (little-endian) byte order
   V         | Integer | 32-bit unsigned, VAX (little-endian) byte order
             |         |
   U         | Integer | UTF-8 character
   w         | Integer | BER-compressed integer (see Array.pack)

Float        |         |
Directive    | Returns | Meaning
-----------------------------------------------------------------
   D, d      | Float   | double-precision, native format
   F, f      | Float   | single-precision, native format
   E         | Float   | double-precision, little-endian byte order
   e         | Float   | single-precision, little-endian byte order
   G         | Float   | double-precision, network (big-endian) byte order
   g         | Float   | single-precision, network (big-endian) byte order

String       |         |
Directive    | Returns | Meaning
-----------------------------------------------------------------
   A         | String  | arbitrary binary string (remove trailing nulls and ASCII spaces)
   a         | String  | arbitrary binary string
   Z         | String  | null-terminated string
   B         | String  | bit string (MSB first)
   b         | String  | bit string (LSB first)
   H         | String  | hex string (high nibble first)
   h         | String  | hex string (low nibble first)
   u         | String  | UU-encoded string
   M         | String  | quoted-printable, MIME encoding (see RFC2045)
   m         | String  | base64 encoded string (RFC 2045) (default)
             |         | base64 encoded string (RFC 4648) if followed by 0
   P         | String  | pointer to a structure (fixed-length string)
   p         | String  | pointer to a null-terminated string

Misc.        |         |
Directive    | Returns | Meaning
-----------------------------------------------------------------
   @         | ---     | skip to the offset given by the length argument
   X         | ---     | skip backward one byte
   x         | ---     | skip forward one byte
 
               static VALUE
pack_unpack(VALUE str, VALUE fmt)
{
    static const char hexdigits[] = "0123456789abcdef";
    char *s, *send;
    char *p, *pend;
    VALUE ary;
    char type;
    long len, tmp_len;
    int star;
#ifdef NATINT_PACK
    int natint;                 /* native integer */
#endif
    int block_p = rb_block_given_p();
    int signed_p, integer_size, bigendian_p;
#define UNPACK_PUSH(item) do {\
        VALUE item_val = (item);\
        if (block_p) {\
            rb_yield(item_val);\
        }\
        else {\
            rb_ary_push(ary, item_val);\
        }\
    } while (0)

    StringValue(str);
    StringValue(fmt);
    s = RSTRING_PTR(str);
    send = s + RSTRING_LEN(str);
    p = RSTRING_PTR(fmt);
    pend = p + RSTRING_LEN(fmt);

    ary = block_p ? Qnil : rb_ary_new();
    while (p < pend) {
        int explicit_endian = 0;
        type = *p++;
#ifdef NATINT_PACK
        natint = 0;
#endif

        if (ISSPACE(type)) continue;
        if (type == '#') {
            while ((p < pend) && (*p != '\n')) {
                p++;
            }
            continue;
        }

        star = 0;
        {
            static const char natstr[] = "sSiIlL";
            static const char endstr[] = "sSiIlLqQ";

          modifiers:
            switch (*p) {
              case '_':
              case '!':

                if (strchr(natstr, type)) {
#ifdef NATINT_PACK
                    natint = 1;
#endif
                    p++;
                }
                else {
                    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "'%c' allowed only after types %s", *p, natstr);
                }
                goto modifiers;

              case '<':
              case '>':
                if (!strchr(endstr, type)) {
                    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "'%c' allowed only after types %s", *p, endstr);
                }
                if (explicit_endian) {
                    rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "Can't use both '<' and '>'");
                }
                explicit_endian = *p++;
                goto modifiers;
            }
        }

        if (p >= pend)
            len = 1;
        else if (*p == '*') {
            star = 1;
            len = send - s;
            p++;
        }
        else if (ISDIGIT(*p)) {
            errno = 0;
            len = STRTOUL(p, (char**)&p, 10);
            if (errno) {
                rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "pack length too big");
            }
        }
        else {
            len = (type != '@');
        }

        switch (type) {
          case '%':
            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "%% is not supported");
            break;

          case 'A':
            if (len > send - s) len = send - s;
            {
                long end = len;
                char *t = s + len - 1;

                while (t >= s) {
                    if (*t != ' ' && *t != '\0') break;
                    t--; len--;
                }
                UNPACK_PUSH(infected_str_new(s, len, str));
                s += end;
            }
            break;

          case 'Z':
            {
                char *t = s;

                if (len > send-s) len = send-s;
                while (t < s+len && *t) t++;
                UNPACK_PUSH(infected_str_new(s, t-s, str));
                if (t < send) t++;
                s = star ? t : s+len;
            }
            break;

          case 'a':
            if (len > send - s) len = send - s;
            UNPACK_PUSH(infected_str_new(s, len, str));
            s += len;
            break;

          case 'b':
            {
                VALUE bitstr;
                char *t;
                int bits;
                long i;

                if (p[-1] == '*' || len > (send - s) * 8)
                    len = (send - s) * 8;
                bits = 0;
                UNPACK_PUSH(bitstr = rb_usascii_str_new(0, len));
                t = RSTRING_PTR(bitstr);
                for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
                    if (i & 7) bits >>= 1;
                    else bits = *s++;
                    *t++ = (bits & 1) ? '1' : '0';
                }
            }
            break;

          case 'B':
            {
                VALUE bitstr;
                char *t;
                int bits;
                long i;

                if (p[-1] == '*' || len > (send - s) * 8)
                    len = (send - s) * 8;
                bits = 0;
                UNPACK_PUSH(bitstr = rb_usascii_str_new(0, len));
                t = RSTRING_PTR(bitstr);
                for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
                    if (i & 7) bits <<= 1;
                    else bits = *s++;
                    *t++ = (bits & 128) ? '1' : '0';
                }
            }
            break;

          case 'h':
            {
                VALUE bitstr;
                char *t;
                int bits;
                long i;

                if (p[-1] == '*' || len > (send - s) * 2)
                    len = (send - s) * 2;
                bits = 0;
                UNPACK_PUSH(bitstr = rb_usascii_str_new(0, len));
                t = RSTRING_PTR(bitstr);
                for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
                    if (i & 1)
                        bits >>= 4;
                    else
                        bits = *s++;
                    *t++ = hexdigits[bits & 15];
                }
            }
            break;

          case 'H':
            {
                VALUE bitstr;
                char *t;
                int bits;
                long i;

                if (p[-1] == '*' || len > (send - s) * 2)
                    len = (send - s) * 2;
                bits = 0;
                UNPACK_PUSH(bitstr = rb_usascii_str_new(0, len));
                t = RSTRING_PTR(bitstr);
                for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
                    if (i & 1)
                        bits <<= 4;
                    else
                        bits = *s++;
                    *t++ = hexdigits[(bits >> 4) & 15];
                }
            }
            break;

          case 'c':
            PACK_LENGTH_ADJUST_SIZE(sizeof(char));
            while (len-- > 0) {
                int c = *s++;
                if (c > (char)127) c-=256;
                UNPACK_PUSH(INT2FIX(c));
            }
            PACK_ITEM_ADJUST();
            break;

          case 'C':
            PACK_LENGTH_ADJUST_SIZE(sizeof(unsigned char));
            while (len-- > 0) {
                unsigned char c = *s++;
                UNPACK_PUSH(INT2FIX(c));
            }
            PACK_ITEM_ADJUST();
            break;

          case 's':
            signed_p = 1;
            integer_size = NATINT_LEN(short, 2);
            bigendian_p = BIGENDIAN_P();
            goto unpack_integer;

          case 'S':
            signed_p = 0;
            integer_size = NATINT_LEN(short, 2);
            bigendian_p = BIGENDIAN_P();
            goto unpack_integer;

          case 'i':
            signed_p = 1;
            integer_size = (int)sizeof(int);
            bigendian_p = BIGENDIAN_P();
            goto unpack_integer;

          case 'I':
            signed_p = 0;
            integer_size = (int)sizeof(int);
            bigendian_p = BIGENDIAN_P();
            goto unpack_integer;

          case 'l':
            signed_p = 1;
            integer_size = NATINT_LEN(long, 4);
            bigendian_p = BIGENDIAN_P();
            goto unpack_integer;

          case 'L':
            signed_p = 0;
            integer_size = NATINT_LEN(long, 4);
            bigendian_p = BIGENDIAN_P();
            goto unpack_integer;

          case 'q':
            signed_p = 1;
            integer_size = 8;
            bigendian_p = BIGENDIAN_P();
            goto unpack_integer;

          case 'Q':
            signed_p = 0;
            integer_size = 8;
            bigendian_p = BIGENDIAN_P();
            goto unpack_integer;

          case 'n':
            signed_p = 0;
            integer_size = 2;
            bigendian_p = 1;
            goto unpack_integer;

          case 'N':
            signed_p = 0;
            integer_size = 4;
            bigendian_p = 1;
            goto unpack_integer;

          case 'v':
            signed_p = 0;
            integer_size = 2;
            bigendian_p = 0;
            goto unpack_integer;

          case 'V':
            signed_p = 0;
            integer_size = 4;
            bigendian_p = 0;
            goto unpack_integer;

          unpack_integer:
            if (explicit_endian) {
                bigendian_p = explicit_endian == '>';
            }

            switch (integer_size) {
#if defined(HAVE_INT16_T) && !defined(FORCE_BIG_PACK)
              case SIZEOF_INT16_T:
                if (signed_p) {
                    PACK_LENGTH_ADJUST_SIZE(sizeof(int16_t));
                    while (len-- > 0) {
                        union {
                            int16_t i;
                            char a[sizeof(int16_t)];
                        } v;
                        memcpy(v.a, s, sizeof(int16_t));
                        if (bigendian_p != BIGENDIAN_P()) v.i = swap16(v.i);
                        s += sizeof(int16_t);
                        UNPACK_PUSH(INT2FIX(v.i));
                    }
                    PACK_ITEM_ADJUST();
                }
                else {
                    PACK_LENGTH_ADJUST_SIZE(sizeof(uint16_t));
                    while (len-- > 0) {
                        union {
                            uint16_t i;
                            char a[sizeof(uint16_t)];
                        } v;
                        memcpy(v.a, s, sizeof(uint16_t));
                        if (bigendian_p != BIGENDIAN_P()) v.i = swap16(v.i);
                        s += sizeof(uint16_t);
                        UNPACK_PUSH(INT2FIX(v.i));
                    }
                    PACK_ITEM_ADJUST();
                }
                break;
#endif

#if defined(HAVE_INT32_T) && !defined(FORCE_BIG_PACK)
              case SIZEOF_INT32_T:
                if (signed_p) {
                    PACK_LENGTH_ADJUST_SIZE(sizeof(int32_t));
                    while (len-- > 0) {
                        union {
                            int32_t i;
                            char a[sizeof(int32_t)];
                        } v;
                        memcpy(v.a, s, sizeof(int32_t));
                        if (bigendian_p != BIGENDIAN_P()) v.i = swap32(v.i);
                        s += sizeof(int32_t);
                        UNPACK_PUSH(INT2NUM(v.i));
                    }
                    PACK_ITEM_ADJUST();
                }
                else {
                    PACK_LENGTH_ADJUST_SIZE(sizeof(uint32_t));
                    while (len-- > 0) {
                        union {
                            uint32_t i;
                            char a[sizeof(uint32_t)];
                        } v;
                        memcpy(v.a, s, sizeof(uint32_t));
                        if (bigendian_p != BIGENDIAN_P()) v.i = swap32(v.i);
                        s += sizeof(uint32_t);
                        UNPACK_PUSH(UINT2NUM(v.i));
                    }
                    PACK_ITEM_ADJUST();
                }
                break;
#endif

#if defined(HAVE_INT64_T) && !defined(FORCE_BIG_PACK)
              case SIZEOF_INT64_T:
                if (signed_p) {
                    PACK_LENGTH_ADJUST_SIZE(sizeof(int64_t));
                    while (len-- > 0) {
                        union {
                            int64_t i;
                            char a[sizeof(int64_t)];
                        } v;
                        memcpy(v.a, s, sizeof(int64_t));
                        if (bigendian_p != BIGENDIAN_P()) v.i = swap64(v.i);
                        s += sizeof(int64_t);
                        UNPACK_PUSH(INT64toNUM(v.i));
                    }
                    PACK_ITEM_ADJUST();
                }
                else {
                    PACK_LENGTH_ADJUST_SIZE(sizeof(uint64_t));
                    while (len-- > 0) {
                        union {
                            uint64_t i;
                            char a[sizeof(uint64_t)];
                        } v;
                        memcpy(v.a, s, sizeof(uint64_t));
                        if (bigendian_p != BIGENDIAN_P()) v.i = swap64(v.i);
                        s += sizeof(uint64_t);
                        UNPACK_PUSH(UINT64toNUM(v.i));
                    }
                    PACK_ITEM_ADJUST();
                }
                break;
#endif

              default:
                if (integer_size > MAX_INTEGER_PACK_SIZE)
                    rb_bug("unexpected integer size for pack: %d", integer_size);
                PACK_LENGTH_ADJUST_SIZE(integer_size);
                while (len-- > 0) {
                    union {
                        unsigned long i[(MAX_INTEGER_PACK_SIZE+SIZEOF_LONG)/SIZEOF_LONG];
                        char a[(MAX_INTEGER_PACK_SIZE+SIZEOF_LONG)/SIZEOF_LONG*SIZEOF_LONG];
                    } v;
                    int num_longs = (integer_size+SIZEOF_LONG)/SIZEOF_LONG;
                    int i;

                    if (signed_p && (signed char)s[bigendian_p ? 0 : (integer_size-1)] < 0)
                        memset(v.a, 0xff, sizeof(long)*num_longs);
                    else
                        memset(v.a, 0, sizeof(long)*num_longs);
                    if (bigendian_p)
                        memcpy(v.a + sizeof(long)*num_longs - integer_size, s, integer_size);
                    else
                        memcpy(v.a, s, integer_size);
                    if (bigendian_p) {
                        for (i = 0; i < num_longs/2; i++) {
                            unsigned long t = v.i[i];
                            v.i[i] = v.i[num_longs-1-i];
                            v.i[num_longs-1-i] = t;
                        }
                    }
                    if (bigendian_p != BIGENDIAN_P()) {
                        for (i = 0; i < num_longs; i++)
                            v.i[i] = swapl(v.i[i]);
                    }
                    s += integer_size;
                    UNPACK_PUSH(rb_big_unpack(v.i, num_longs));
                }
                PACK_ITEM_ADJUST();
                break;
            }
            break;

          case 'f':
          case 'F':
            PACK_LENGTH_ADJUST_SIZE(sizeof(float));
            while (len-- > 0) {
                float tmp;
                memcpy(&tmp, s, sizeof(float));
                s += sizeof(float);
                UNPACK_PUSH(DBL2NUM((double)tmp));
            }
            PACK_ITEM_ADJUST();
            break;

          case 'e':
            PACK_LENGTH_ADJUST_SIZE(sizeof(float));
            while (len-- > 0) {
                float tmp;
                FLOAT_CONVWITH(ftmp);

                memcpy(&tmp, s, sizeof(float));
                s += sizeof(float);
                tmp = VTOHF(tmp,ftmp);
                UNPACK_PUSH(DBL2NUM((double)tmp));
            }
            PACK_ITEM_ADJUST();
            break;

          case 'E':
            PACK_LENGTH_ADJUST_SIZE(sizeof(double));
            while (len-- > 0) {
                double tmp;
                DOUBLE_CONVWITH(dtmp);

                memcpy(&tmp, s, sizeof(double));
                s += sizeof(double);
                tmp = VTOHD(tmp,dtmp);
                UNPACK_PUSH(DBL2NUM(tmp));
            }
            PACK_ITEM_ADJUST();
            break;

          case 'D':
          case 'd':
            PACK_LENGTH_ADJUST_SIZE(sizeof(double));
            while (len-- > 0) {
                double tmp;
                memcpy(&tmp, s, sizeof(double));
                s += sizeof(double);
                UNPACK_PUSH(DBL2NUM(tmp));
            }
            PACK_ITEM_ADJUST();
            break;

          case 'g':
            PACK_LENGTH_ADJUST_SIZE(sizeof(float));
            while (len-- > 0) {
                float tmp;
                FLOAT_CONVWITH(ftmp);

                memcpy(&tmp, s, sizeof(float));
                s += sizeof(float);
                tmp = NTOHF(tmp,ftmp);
                UNPACK_PUSH(DBL2NUM((double)tmp));
            }
            PACK_ITEM_ADJUST();
            break;

          case 'G':
            PACK_LENGTH_ADJUST_SIZE(sizeof(double));
            while (len-- > 0) {
                double tmp;
                DOUBLE_CONVWITH(dtmp);

                memcpy(&tmp, s, sizeof(double));
                s += sizeof(double);
                tmp = NTOHD(tmp,dtmp);
                UNPACK_PUSH(DBL2NUM(tmp));
            }
            PACK_ITEM_ADJUST();
            break;

          case 'U':
            if (len > send - s) len = send - s;
            while (len > 0 && s < send) {
                long alen = send - s;
                unsigned long l;

                l = utf8_to_uv(s, &alen);
                s += alen; len--;
                UNPACK_PUSH(ULONG2NUM(l));
            }
            break;

          case 'u':
            {
                VALUE buf = infected_str_new(0, (send - s)*3/4, str);
                char *ptr = RSTRING_PTR(buf);
                long total = 0;

                while (s < send && *s > ' ' && *s < 'a') {
                    long a,b,c,d;
                    char hunk[4];

                    hunk[3] = '\0';
                    len = (*s++ - ' ') & 077;
                    total += len;
                    if (total > RSTRING_LEN(buf)) {
                        len -= total - RSTRING_LEN(buf);
                        total = RSTRING_LEN(buf);
                    }

                    while (len > 0) {
                        long mlen = len > 3 ? 3 : len;

                        if (s < send && *s >= ' ')
                            a = (*s++ - ' ') & 077;
                        else
                            a = 0;
                        if (s < send && *s >= ' ')
                            b = (*s++ - ' ') & 077;
                        else
                            b = 0;
                        if (s < send && *s >= ' ')
                            c = (*s++ - ' ') & 077;
                        else
                            c = 0;
                        if (s < send && *s >= ' ')
                            d = (*s++ - ' ') & 077;
                        else
                            d = 0;
                        hunk[0] = (char)(a << 2 | b >> 4);
                        hunk[1] = (char)(b << 4 | c >> 2);
                        hunk[2] = (char)(c << 6 | d);
                        memcpy(ptr, hunk, mlen);
                        ptr += mlen;
                        len -= mlen;
                    }
                    if (*s == '\r') s++;
                    if (*s == '\n') s++;
                    else if (s < send && (s+1 == send || s[1] == '\n'))
                        s += 2;      /* possible checksum byte */
                }

                rb_str_set_len(buf, total);
                UNPACK_PUSH(buf);
            }
            break;

          case 'm':
            {
                VALUE buf = infected_str_new(0, (send - s)*3/4, str);
                char *ptr = RSTRING_PTR(buf);
                int a = -1,b = -1,c = 0,d = 0;
                static signed char b64_xtable[256];

                if (b64_xtable['/'] <= 0) {
                    int i;

                    for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
                        b64_xtable[i] = -1;
                    }
                    for (i = 0; i < 64; i++) {
                        b64_xtable[(unsigned char)b64_table[i]] = (char)i;
                    }
                }
                if (len == 0) {
                    while (s < send) {
                        a = b = c = d = -1;
                        a = b64_xtable[(unsigned char)*s++];
                        if (s >= send || a == -1) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid base64");
                        b = b64_xtable[(unsigned char)*s++];
                        if (s >= send || b == -1) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid base64");
                        if (*s == '=') {
                            if (s + 2 == send && *(s + 1) == '=') break;
                            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid base64");
                        }
                        c = b64_xtable[(unsigned char)*s++];
                        if (s >= send || c == -1) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid base64");
                        if (s + 1 == send && *s == '=') break;
                        d = b64_xtable[(unsigned char)*s++];
                        if (d == -1) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid base64");
                        *ptr++ = castchar(a << 2 | b >> 4);
                        *ptr++ = castchar(b << 4 | c >> 2);
                        *ptr++ = castchar(c << 6 | d);
                    }
                    if (c == -1) {
                        *ptr++ = castchar(a << 2 | b >> 4);
                        if (b & 0xf) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid base64");
                    }
                    else if (d == -1) {
                        *ptr++ = castchar(a << 2 | b >> 4);
                        *ptr++ = castchar(b << 4 | c >> 2);
                        if (c & 0x3) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid base64");
                    }
                }
                else {
                    while (s < send) {
                        a = b = c = d = -1;
                        while ((a = b64_xtable[(unsigned char)*s]) == -1 && s < send) {s++;}
                        if (s >= send) break;
                        s++;
                        while ((b = b64_xtable[(unsigned char)*s]) == -1 && s < send) {s++;}
                        if (s >= send) break;
                        s++;
                        while ((c = b64_xtable[(unsigned char)*s]) == -1 && s < send) {if (*s == '=') break; s++;}
                        if (*s == '=' || s >= send) break;
                        s++;
                        while ((d = b64_xtable[(unsigned char)*s]) == -1 && s < send) {if (*s == '=') break; s++;}
                        if (*s == '=' || s >= send) break;
                        s++;
                        *ptr++ = castchar(a << 2 | b >> 4);
                        *ptr++ = castchar(b << 4 | c >> 2);
                        *ptr++ = castchar(c << 6 | d);
                    }
                    if (a != -1 && b != -1) {
                        if (c == -1 && *s == '=')
                            *ptr++ = castchar(a << 2 | b >> 4);
                        else if (c != -1 && *s == '=') {
                            *ptr++ = castchar(a << 2 | b >> 4);
                            *ptr++ = castchar(b << 4 | c >> 2);
                        }
                    }
                }
                rb_str_set_len(buf, ptr - RSTRING_PTR(buf));
                UNPACK_PUSH(buf);
            }
            break;

          case 'M':
            {
                VALUE buf = infected_str_new(0, send - s, str);
                char *ptr = RSTRING_PTR(buf), *ss = s;
                int c1, c2;

                while (s < send) {
                    if (*s == '=') {
                        if (++s == send) break;
                        if (s+1 < send && *s == '\r' && *(s+1) == '\n')
                            s++;
                        if (*s != '\n') {
                            if ((c1 = hex2num(*s)) == -1) break;
                            if (++s == send) break;
                            if ((c2 = hex2num(*s)) == -1) break;
                            *ptr++ = castchar(c1 << 4 | c2);
                        }
                    }
                    else {
                        *ptr++ = *s;
                    }
                    s++;
                    ss = s;
                }
                rb_str_set_len(buf, ptr - RSTRING_PTR(buf));
                rb_str_buf_cat(buf, ss, send-ss);
                ENCODING_CODERANGE_SET(buf, rb_ascii8bit_encindex(), ENC_CODERANGE_VALID);
                UNPACK_PUSH(buf);
            }
            break;

          case '@':
            if (len > RSTRING_LEN(str))
                rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "@ outside of string");
            s = RSTRING_PTR(str) + len;
            break;

          case 'X':
            if (len > s - RSTRING_PTR(str))
                rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "X outside of string");
            s -= len;
            break;

          case 'x':
            if (len > send - s)
                rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "x outside of string");
            s += len;
            break;

          case 'P':
            if (sizeof(char *) <= (size_t)(send - s)) {
                VALUE tmp = Qnil;
                char *t;

                memcpy(&t, s, sizeof(char *));
                s += sizeof(char *);

                if (t) {
                    VALUE a, *p, *pend;

                    if (!(a = str_associated(str))) {
                        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "no associated pointer");
                    }
                    p = RARRAY_PTR(a);
                    pend = p + RARRAY_LEN(a);
                    while (p < pend) {
                        if (RB_TYPE_P(*p, T_STRING) && RSTRING_PTR(*p) == t) {
                            if (len < RSTRING_LEN(*p)) {
                                tmp = rb_tainted_str_new(t, len);
                                str_associate(tmp, a);
                            }
                            else {
                                tmp = *p;
                            }
                            break;
                        }
                        p++;
                    }
                    if (p == pend) {
                        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "non associated pointer");
                    }
                }
                UNPACK_PUSH(tmp);
            }
            break;

          case 'p':
            if (len > (long)((send - s) / sizeof(char *)))
                len = (send - s) / sizeof(char *);
            while (len-- > 0) {
                if ((size_t)(send - s) < sizeof(char *))
                    break;
                else {
                    VALUE tmp = Qnil;
                    char *t;

                    memcpy(&t, s, sizeof(char *));
                    s += sizeof(char *);

                    if (t) {
                        VALUE a, *p, *pend;

                        if (!(a = str_associated(str))) {
                            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "no associated pointer");
                        }
                        p = RARRAY_PTR(a);
                        pend = p + RARRAY_LEN(a);
                        while (p < pend) {
                            if (RB_TYPE_P(*p, T_STRING) && RSTRING_PTR(*p) == t) {
                                tmp = *p;
                                break;
                            }
                            p++;
                        }
                        if (p == pend) {
                            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "non associated pointer");
                        }
                    }
                    UNPACK_PUSH(tmp);
                }
            }
            break;

          case 'w':
            {
                unsigned long ul = 0;
                unsigned long ulmask = 0xfeUL << ((sizeof(unsigned long) - 1) * 8);

                while (len > 0 && s < send) {
                    ul <<= 7;
                    ul |= (*s & 0x7f);
                    if (!(*s++ & 0x80)) {
                        UNPACK_PUSH(ULONG2NUM(ul));
                        len--;
                        ul = 0;
                    }
                    else if (ul & ulmask) {
                        VALUE big = rb_uint2big(ul);
                        VALUE big128 = rb_uint2big(128);
                        while (s < send) {
                            big = rb_big_mul(big, big128);
                            big = rb_big_plus(big, rb_uint2big(*s & 0x7f));
                            if (!(*s++ & 0x80)) {
                                UNPACK_PUSH(big);
                                len--;
                                ul = 0;
                                break;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            break;

          default:
            rb_warning("unknown unpack directive '%c' in '%s'",
                type, RSTRING_PTR(fmt));
            break;
        }
    }

    return ary;
}
upcase → new_str click to toggle source

Returns a copy of str with all lowercase letters replaced with their uppercase counterparts. The operation is locale insensitive—only characters “a'' to “z'' are affected. Note: case replacement is effective only in ASCII region.

"hEllO".upcase   #=> "HELLO"

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_upcase(VALUE str)
{
    str = rb_str_dup(str);
    rb_str_upcase_bang(str);
    return str;
}
upcase! → str or nil click to toggle source

Upcases the contents of str, returning nil if no changes were made. Note: case replacement is effective only in ASCII region.

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_upcase_bang(VALUE str)
{
    rb_encoding *enc;
    char *s, *send;
    int modify = 0;
    int n;

    str_modify_keep_cr(str);
    enc = STR_ENC_GET(str);
    rb_str_check_dummy_enc(enc);
    s = RSTRING_PTR(str); send = RSTRING_END(str);
    if (single_byte_optimizable(str)) {
        while (s < send) {
            unsigned int c = *(unsigned char*)s;

            if (rb_enc_isascii(c, enc) && 'a' <= c && c <= 'z') {
                *s = 'A' + (c - 'a');
                modify = 1;
            }
            s++;
        }
    }
    else {
        int ascompat = rb_enc_asciicompat(enc);

        while (s < send) {
            unsigned int c;

            if (ascompat && (c = *(unsigned char*)s) < 0x80) {
                if (rb_enc_isascii(c, enc) && 'a' <= c && c <= 'z') {
                    *s = 'A' + (c - 'a');
                    modify = 1;
                }
                s++;
            }
            else {
                c = rb_enc_codepoint_len(s, send, &n, enc);
                if (rb_enc_islower(c, enc)) {
                    /* assuming toupper returns codepoint with same size */
                    rb_enc_mbcput(rb_enc_toupper(c, enc), s, enc);
                    modify = 1;
                }
                s += n;
            }
        }
    }

    if (modify) return str;
    return Qnil;
}
upto(other_str, exclusive=false) {|s| block } → str click to toggle source
upto(other_str, exclusive=false) → an_enumerator

Iterates through successive values, starting at str and ending at other_str inclusive, passing each value in turn to the block. The String#succ method is used to generate each value. If optional second argument exclusive is omitted or is false, the last value will be included; otherwise it will be excluded.

If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.

"a8".upto("b6") {|s| print s, ' ' }
for s in "a8".."b6"
  print s, ' '
end

produces:

a8 a9 b0 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6
a8 a9 b0 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6

If str and other_str contains only ascii numeric characters, both are recognized as decimal numbers. In addition, the width of string (e.g. leading zeros) is handled appropriately.

"9".upto("11").to_a   #=> ["9", "10", "11"]
"25".upto("5").to_a   #=> []
"07".upto("11").to_a  #=> ["07", "08", "09", "10", "11"]

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_upto(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE beg)
{
    VALUE end, exclusive;
    VALUE current, after_end;
    ID succ;
    int n, excl, ascii;
    rb_encoding *enc;

    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &end, &exclusive);
    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(beg, argc, argv);
    excl = RTEST(exclusive);
    CONST_ID(succ, "succ");
    StringValue(end);
    enc = rb_enc_check(beg, end);
    ascii = (is_ascii_string(beg) && is_ascii_string(end));
    /* single character */
    if (RSTRING_LEN(beg) == 1 && RSTRING_LEN(end) == 1 && ascii) {
        char c = RSTRING_PTR(beg)[0];
        char e = RSTRING_PTR(end)[0];

        if (c > e || (excl && c == e)) return beg;
        for (;;) {
            rb_yield(rb_enc_str_new(&c, 1, enc));
            if (!excl && c == e) break;
            c++;
            if (excl && c == e) break;
        }
        return beg;
    }
    /* both edges are all digits */
    if (ascii && ISDIGIT(RSTRING_PTR(beg)[0]) && ISDIGIT(RSTRING_PTR(end)[0])) {
        char *s, *send;
        VALUE b, e;
        int width;

        s = RSTRING_PTR(beg); send = RSTRING_END(beg);
        width = rb_long2int(send - s);
        while (s < send) {
            if (!ISDIGIT(*s)) goto no_digits;
            s++;
        }
        s = RSTRING_PTR(end); send = RSTRING_END(end);
        while (s < send) {
            if (!ISDIGIT(*s)) goto no_digits;
            s++;
        }
        b = rb_str_to_inum(beg, 10, FALSE);
        e = rb_str_to_inum(end, 10, FALSE);
        if (FIXNUM_P(b) && FIXNUM_P(e)) {
            long bi = FIX2LONG(b);
            long ei = FIX2LONG(e);
            rb_encoding *usascii = rb_usascii_encoding();

            while (bi <= ei) {
                if (excl && bi == ei) break;
                rb_yield(rb_enc_sprintf(usascii, "%.*ld", width, bi));
                bi++;
            }
        }
        else {
            ID op = excl ? '<' : rb_intern("<=");
            VALUE args[2], fmt = rb_obj_freeze(rb_usascii_str_new_cstr("%.*d"));

            args[0] = INT2FIX(width);
            while (rb_funcall(b, op, 1, e)) {
                args[1] = b;
                rb_yield(rb_str_format(numberof(args), args, fmt));
                b = rb_funcall(b, succ, 0, 0);
            }
        }
        return beg;
    }
    /* normal case */
  no_digits:
    n = rb_str_cmp(beg, end);
    if (n > 0 || (excl && n == 0)) return beg;

    after_end = rb_funcall(end, succ, 0, 0);
    current = rb_str_dup(beg);
    while (!rb_str_equal(current, after_end)) {
        VALUE next = Qnil;
        if (excl || !rb_str_equal(current, end))
            next = rb_funcall(current, succ, 0, 0);
        rb_yield(current);
        if (NIL_P(next)) break;
        current = next;
        StringValue(current);
        if (excl && rb_str_equal(current, end)) break;
        if (RSTRING_LEN(current) > RSTRING_LEN(end) || RSTRING_LEN(current) == 0)
            break;
    }

    return beg;
}
valid_encoding? → true or false click to toggle source

Returns true for a string which encoded correctly.

"\xc2\xa1".force_encoding("UTF-8").valid_encoding?  #=> true
"\xc2".force_encoding("UTF-8").valid_encoding?      #=> false
"\x80".force_encoding("UTF-8").valid_encoding?      #=> false

 
               static VALUE
rb_str_valid_encoding_p(VALUE str)
{
    int cr = rb_enc_str_coderange(str);

    return cr == ENC_CODERANGE_BROKEN ? Qfalse : Qtrue;
}